Ozone Depletion: Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic Waters

Smith, R. C.; Prézelin, Barbara B.; Baker, Karen S.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Boucher, Nicolas P.; Coley, Teresa L.; Karentz, Deneb; MacIntyre, Sally; Matlick, H. A.; Menzies, David; Ondrusek, Michael; Wan, Zhengming; Waters, Kirk

doi:10.1126/science.1546292

Cited by 883 publications

(504 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…A combination of increased concentrations of anthropogenic ozonedepleting substances (like chlorofluorocarbons) and polar stratospheric clouds moved the Antarctic stratosphere into a new regime; one in which ozone effectively disappeared in the lower stratosphere in the region during the Austral spring. This thinning of the Austral polar stratospheric ozone layer has negative impacts on marine organisms (Smith et al 1992) and pose risks to human health. While it does not appear that there is a similar threshold for global ozone, there is the possibility that global warming (which leads to a cooler stratosphere) could cause an increase in the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.…”

Section: Stratospheric Ozone Depletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A safe operating space for humanity

Rockström

Steffen

Noone

et al. 2009

Nature

9,635

5,320

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The article presents a study that investigates on the importance of identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries to prevent human activities in affecting environmental condition. The author states the industrial revolution and advancement in human civilization has caused the unstability of the environmental state that is less conducive for humans to live and affect their health condition. The author notes that planetary boundaries served a control variables to secure the safety of its citizen as well as protect the environment from shifting to dangerous levels. It also cites the different planetary boundaries, along with its impact on climate change and Earth system degradation

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Section: Stratospheric Ozone Depletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A safe operating space for humanity

Rockström

Steffen

Noone

et al. 2009

Nature

9,635

5,320

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In regard to the former, some support exits for this linear relationship (Madronich et al 1994;Neale et al 2001). Furthermore, it holds for other kinds of damage as well: Smith et al (1992) state that "UVB inhibition of photosynthesis increases linearly with increasing UVB dose." Still, our approach is an assumption and data do not exist to test it in general for high UVB doses, nor are they likely to exist in the near future given the apparent preliminary success of the Montreal Protocol, which set limits on ozone-destroying compounds.…”

Section: Confrontation Of Simulations With Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Ordovician geographic patterns of extinction compared with simulations of astrophysical ionizing radiation damage

Melott¹,

Thomas²

2009

Paleobiology

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Abstrac.t-Based on the intensity and rates of various kinds of intense ionizing radiation events such as supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, it is likely that the Earth has been subjected to one or more events of potential mass extinction level intensity during the Phanerozoic. These induce changes in atmospheric chemistry so that the level of Solar ultraviolet-B radiation reaching the surface and near-surface waters may be approximately doubled for up to one decade. This UVB level is known from experiment to be more than enough to kill off many kinds of organisms, particularly phytoplankton. It could easily induce a crash of the photosynthetic-based food chain in the oceans. Certain regularities in the latitudinal distribution of damage are apparent in computational simulations of the atmospheric changes. We previously proposed that the late Ordovician extinction is a plausible candidate for a contribution from an ionizing radiation event, based on environmental selectivity in trilobites. In order to test a null hypothesis based on this proposal, we confront latitudinal differential extinction rates predicted from the simulations with data from a published analysis of latitudinal gradients in the Ordovician extinction. The pattern of UVB damage always shows a characteristic strong maximum at some latitude, with substantially lower intensity to the north and south of this maximum. We find that the pattern of damage predicted from our simulations is consistent with the data assuming a burst approximately over the South Pole, and no further north than -75°. We predict that any land mass (such as parts of north China, Laurentia, and New Guinea) which then lay north of the equator should be a refugium from the UVB effects, and show a different pattern of extinction in the "first strike" of the end-Ordovician extinction, if it were induced by such a radiation event. More information on extinction strength versus latitude will help test this hypothesis.Melott 2

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“…Recent increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (280-315·nm) due to stratospheric ozone depletion have highlighted the susceptibility of marine ecosystems to this important abiotic factor (Smith et al, 1992;Karentz, 1994;Smith and Cullen, 1995). The occurrence of the spring ozone hole coincides with the development of embryos of many Antarctic marine invertebrates that may be susceptible to the effects of UV-R because of their small size, lack of a protective tegument, and high rate of cell division (Johnsen and Widder, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA photorepair in echinoid embryos: effects of temperature on repair rate in Antarctic and non-Antarctic species

Lamare

Barker

Lesser

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Over recent geological time the Antarctic marine system has been a relatively low ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) environment because of its polar location, high atmospheric ozone concentrations, and extensive seasonal covering by relatively opaque, and highly reflective, sea ice. Recent increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (280-315·nm) due to stratospheric ozone depletion have highlighted the susceptibility of marine ecosystems to this important abiotic factor (Smith et al., 1992;Karentz, 1994;Smith and Cullen, 1995). The occurrence of the spring ozone hole coincides with the development of embryos of many Antarctic marine invertebrates that may be susceptible to the effects of UV-R because of their small size, lack of a protective tegument, and high rate of cell division (Johnsen and Widder, 2001). Antarctic embryos may be especially vulnerable because they have unique physiological adaptations to survive the cold, food-poor Antarctic waters (cf. Marsh et al., 2001).Our recent observations confirm that Antarctic marine larvae are very sensitive to UV-R (Lesser et al., 2004). Echinoid embryos exposed to ambient UV-R under annual Antarctic sea ice (a low UV-R environment with irradiances р1% of surface irradiances), exhibited significantly higher rates of mortality, abnormal development (Ϸ30-50%), and DNA damage than embryos exposed concurrently but under a UV-R filter. Biological weighting functions for DNA damage and survival To determine if an Antarctic species repairs DNA at rates equivalent to warmer water equivalents, we examined repair of UV-damaged DNA in echinoid embryos and larvae. DNA repair by photoreactivation was compared in three species Sterechinus neumayeri (Antarctica), Evechinus chloroticus (New Zealand) and Diadema setosum (Tropical Australia) spanning a latitudinal gradient from polar (77.86°S) to tropical (19.25°S) environments. We compared rates of photoreactivation as a function of ambient and experimental temperature in all three species, and rates of photoreactivation as a function of embryonic developmental stage in Sterechinus. DNA damage was quantified from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) concentrations and rates of abnormal embryonic development. This study established that in the three species and in three developmental stages of Sterechinus, photoreactivation was the primary means of removing CPDs, was effective in repairing all CPDs in less than 24·h, and promoted significantly higher rates of normal development in UV-exposed embryos. CPD photorepair rate constant (k) in echinoid embryos ranged from 0.33 to 1.25·h -1 , equating to a time to 50% repair of between 0.6 and 2.1·h and time to 90%repair between 3.6 and 13.6·h. We observed that experimental temperature influenced photoreactivation rate. In Diadema plutei, the photoreactivation rate constant increased from k=0.58·h -1 to 1.25·h -1 , with a Q 10 =2.15 between 22°C and 32°C. When compared among the three species across experimental temperatures (-1.9 to 32°C), photoreactivation rates vary with a Q 10 =1.39. Photoreactivati...

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Ozone Depletion: Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic Waters

Cited by 883 publications

References 74 publications

A safe operating space for humanity

A safe operating space for humanity

Late Ordovician geographic patterns of extinction compared with simulations of astrophysical ionizing radiation damage

DNA photorepair in echinoid embryos: effects of temperature on repair rate in Antarctic and non-Antarctic species

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