p–H and T–S diagrams of 3He from 0.2K to 20K

Huang, Yonghua; Chen, G.B.; Lai, Bingzhu; Wang, S.Q.

doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2005.08.005

Cited by 20 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, many applications, such as cryocooler design, require larger scale plots. Therefore, this article extends the scope of T-s and p-h diagrams for 3 He and provides more thermodynamically consistent data from 0.2 K to 300 K and pressures up to 300 MPa. Instead of using only mathematical interpolation/extrapolation to smoothed p-ρ-T data, the equation of state for 3 He and the vapor-liquid and liquid-solid equilibrium ancillary equations were used as data sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It provides several modes for iso-property calculations, which output the target data tables directly. Combining all the tables, the p-h and T-s plots for 3 He could be generated, as shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.…”

Section: Data Preparation and Diagram Plottingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was claimed that the diagram was determined with an error of 5 %. Most recently, Huang et al [3] released more comprehensive versions of both T-s and p-h diagrams in the range of temperature from 1 K to 20 K and pressures up to 20 MPa, which was restricted by the fact that there are no experimental data found above 20 K and no equation of state was available at that time. However, many applications, such as cryocooler design, require larger scale plots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…He realized some serious inconsistencies existed between the s-T and h-T data in the temperature range from 1 K to 20 K, especially at the lower temperatures. This represents only a first approximation to the thermodynamic data for 3 He, and it was difficult to assess the accuracy of the data, and moreover, interpolation of the data either between isobars or between isenthalps was also very difficult. Kraus et al [2] experimentally obtained the isotherms in a p-h diagram of 3 He in the range 1.0 K ≤ T ≤ 4.17 K and 0 ≤ p ≤ 0.65 MPa by means of the isothermal throttle effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

2010

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On the basis of the equation of state and the phase equilibrium equations of helium-3 ( 3 He), a computer program for calculating the thermodynamic properties of 3 He has been created. With this program, many iso-property tables were prepared for generating p-h and T-s diagrams of 3 He over the range of temperature from 0.2 K to 300 K and pressures up to 300 MPa. Compared with the previous diagrams plotted with interpolated experimental data sets, the new ones are more thermodynamically consistent and cover a broader temperature and pressure range. The estimated overall random errors of the diagrams are within 2 %.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Data Preparation and Diagram Plottingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

2010

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“…In FIGURE 3, the low temperature enthalpy-pressure diagram of 3 He is depicted [10]. In a first example, the 3 He flow is liquefied and precooled at a pressure of 0.75 bar to a temperature of 2.5 K by the PTR (point "A" in FIGURE 3); 2.5 K is the base temperature of our PTR.…”

Section: Performance Of Intermediate Heat Exchanger and Dilution Refrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Design of the Intermediate Stage of a Dry Dilution Refrigerator

Uhlig¹,

Weisend²

2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Cryogen free dilution refrigerators (DR) have become very popular with scientists working at sub-Kelvin temperatures. Ease of operation, reliability and cost effectiveness are first-rate with these refrigerators. In our original cryostat, and in almost all commercial models available, the 3 He flow is cooled in three major components to its lowest temperature of about 10 mK, with the first cooling stage being a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler, the second stage an intermediate stage and the third stage a dilution refrigeration unit. The intermediate stage is made from a flow restriction and a heat exchanger which makes use of the cold 3 He gas pumped from the still to cool the backstreaming 3 He; it is similar to a Joule-Thomson stage. Although the intermediate cooling stage can be left out altogether, it is desirable when a high cooling power of the still is required to heat sink a radiation shield and coaxial and other electric cables.In our paper we present a redesigned heat exchanger of the intermediate stage which was made mostly from copper screens; construction details and performance data of the heat exchanger are described. The heat exchanger is shorter than its predecessors, allowing for a more compact construction of the cryostat.

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Rapid, one‐step, high yielding ¹⁸F‐labeling of an aryltrifluoroborate bioconjugate by isotope exchange at very high specific activity

Liu

Lozada

et al. 2012

Labelled Comp Radiopharmac

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A rapid, single step, aqueous 18F‐labeling method that proceeds under mild conditions to provide radiotracers in high radiochemical yield and at high specific activity represents a long‐standing challenge. Arylboronates capture aqueous 18F‐fluoride ion in buffered pH 2–3 at moderate temperature to provide a highly polar 18F‐ArBF3− anion. Similarly, 19F‐18F isotope exchange on a 19F‐ArBF3− should create an 18F‐ArBF3−. We hypothesized that this reaction would proceed in volumes that would be amenable to the high levels of 18F‐activity used in clinical hospitals. In order to measure both radiochemical and chemical yields, along with specific activity, we linked an alkyne‐19F‐ArBF3− to rhodamine azide by standard click chemistry to afford a precursor Rh‐19F‐ArBF3−. This precursor was aliquoted in portions of 50 nmol and lyophilized for on‐demand use. Using robotic manipulators in a hot cell, we combined >29.6 GBq (800 mCi) and 50 nmol of the Rh‐19F‐ArBF3− in aqueous dimethylformamide at buffered pH 2–3. Following mild heating (40 °C) for 10‐15 min, the reaction was quenched and analyzed. We observed radiochemical yields of 50% and specific activities of nearly 555 GBq/µmol (15 Ci/µmol). Similar radiochemical yields and slightly lower specific activities were also obtained with ~400 mCi (n = 2). With radiochemical yields in the hundreds of millicuries and specific activities that are 3–10‐fold higher than most radiotracers, this method is very attractive method for preparing clinically useful radiotracers. Moreover, the ability to produce tracers at extraordinarily high specific activities expands the distribution time window from production labs to distant positron emission tomography scanners. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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p–H and T–S diagrams of 3He from 0.2K to 20K

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

Improved Design of the Intermediate Stage of a Dry Dilution Refrigerator

Rapid, one‐step, high yielding ¹⁸F‐labeling of an aryltrifluoroborate bioconjugate by isotope exchange at very high specific activity

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p–H and T–S diagrams of 3He from 0.2K to 20K

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

Thermodynamic Diagrams of 3He from 0.2 K to 300 K Based Upon its Debye Fluid Equation of State

Improved Design of the Intermediate Stage of a Dry Dilution Refrigerator

Rapid, one‐step, high yielding 18F‐labeling of an aryltrifluoroborate bioconjugate by isotope exchange at very high specific activity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Rapid, one‐step, high yielding ¹⁸F‐labeling of an aryltrifluoroborate bioconjugate by isotope exchange at very high specific activity