Paddle-Wheel Shaped Copper(II)-Adenine Discrete Entities As Supramolecular Building Blocks To Afford Porous Supramolecular Metal–Organic Frameworks (SMOFs)

Abstract

The present work assesses the ability of [Cu2(μ-adenine)4­(X)2]2+ and [Cu2(μ-adenine)2­(μ-X)2­(X)2] (X: Cl– or Br–) metal-nucleobase dinuclear entities to build up supramolecular metal–organic frameworks (SupraMOFs) based on the complementary hydrogen bonding interactions established by the Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen faces of adjacent adenine moieties. The noncoplanar disposition of these synthons in the [Cu2(μ-adenine)4­(X)2]2+ building unit leads to an open framework with one-dimensional (1D) channels of ca. 6 Å in compounds [Cu2(μ-adenine)4­(Cl)2]Cl2­·∼2MeOH (1, SMOF-1) and [Cu2(μ-adenine)4­(Br)2]Br2·∼2 MeOH (2, SMOF-2) sustained through the hydrogen bonding base pairing interactions among the Watson–Crick faces. In the case of the second building unit, [Cu2(μ-adenine)2­(μ-X)2(X)2], the coplanar arrangement of the two adenines in the dimeric unit does not allow a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular architecture based only on the complementary hydrogen bonding interactions between the nucleobases. Therefore, other supramolecular interactions involving the halide ions and solvent molecules are crucial for determining the features of the crystal packing. In compound [Cu2(μ-adenine)2­(μ-Cl)2(Cl)2]­·2MeOH (3, SMOF-3), base pairing interactions between adjacent adenines produce 1D supramolecular ribbons of dinuclear entities. These ribbons establish additional hydrogen bonds between the Hoogsteen face and the chloride anions of adjacent ribbons that are also reinforced by the presence of π–π stacking interactions among the adenines leading to a rigid synthon that gives rise to a robust 3D skeleton with the presence of micropores occupied by solvent molecules. In the case of the bromide analogue, the weaker hydrogen acceptor capacity of the bromide allows the solvent molecules to disrupt the self-assembly process of the dinuclear entities and prevents the formation of an open-framework supramolecular structure leading to the nonporous [Cu2(μ-adenine)2­(μ-Br)2­(Br)2]­·2PrOH (4) compound. According to gas adsorption studies, SMOF-1, SMOF-2, and SMOF-3 present a surface instability that creates a diffusion barrier that can be permeated only by strong interacting adsorbate molecules with high kinetic energy such as CO2 but not N2, H2, and CH4. This feature makes them attractive for selective gas adsorption and separation technologies.

Biologically derived metal organic frameworks

“…[161] (Figure 2). [111,163] Highly porous Ade-based bio-MOFs have been prepared using co-ligands of different mono-, di-and tri-carboxylic acids. [52,111,115,130,161,164,165] [162] The channels are further interconnected giving an overall three-periodic pore connectivity, and the open Watson-Crick sites are aligned almost parallel to the contacting surface affording channelconnecting windows.…”

Enhancement of Intermolecular Magnetic Exchange through Halogen···Halogen Interactions in Bisadeninium Rhenium(IV) Salts

“…[1][2][3] Protonated and deprotonated nucleobases play a key role in many biochemical processes, and can also generate supramolecular compounds of interest in crystal engineering, molecular recognition, liquid crystals, molecule-based magnetism and materials science. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The nucleobase adenine presents up to four endocyclic (N1, N3, N7 and N9) and one exocyclic (N6) protonatable N-atoms (in basicity order: N9 > N1 > N7 > N3 > N6) which can afford a wide range of neutral tautomers and protonated forms (Chart 1). Both organic and inorganic salts based on mono-and diprotonated adenine [adeninium (B) or bisadeninium (C), respectively] are found in the literature.…”

Self‐Assembly of Nucleobase, Nucleoside and Nucleotide Coordination Polymers: From Synthesis to Applications

“…Similar coordination was seen with guanine, where further stabilization occurred with the C6‐oxo acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor. Exploiting these interactions, research groups have synthesized a variety of Cu‐nucleobase MOFs . Interestingly, many of these MOFs have, in addition to a nucleobase, another moiety present .…”

“…Exploiting thesei nteractions, research groups have synthesized av ariety of Cu-nucleobase MOFs. [81] Interestingly,m any of these MOFs have, in addition to an ucleobase, another moiety present. [82,83] For example, Caballeroe tal.…”