Palaeoproteomic Profiling of Conservation Layers on a 14th Century Italian Wall Painting

Mackie, Meaghan; Rüther, Patrick; Samodova, Diana; Gianvincenzo, Fabiana Di; Granzotto, Clara; Lyon, David; Peggie, David A.; Howard, Helen; Harrison, Lynne; Jensen, Lars Juhl; Olsen, Jesper V.; Cappellini, Enrico

doi:10.1002/ange.201713020

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Deamidation of glutamine and asparagine has been proposed as a marker of taphonomic degradation in ancient proteins 35 . We applied an analysis of bulk deamidation using a previously published approach 36 to 5 individuals from this study to examine potential patterns of archaeological degradation in milk, which may suggest that the milk proteins in our samples are ancient, as they appear to be of similar deamidation levels as the human oral proteins in the calculus. All deamidation is reported in Supplementary Table S2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deamidation levels in five samples (AT-628, AT-590b, AT-26, AT-233 and AT-835) were calculated in order to assess authenticity using a previously published approach 36 ( Extended Data 1 and Supplementary Table S2 ). These samples were specifically chosen to verify the antiquity of the oldest samples in this study, as well as a more recent sample from the Mongol period for comparison of deamination patterns.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years

et al. 2020

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Dairy pastoralism is integral to contemporary and past lifeways on the eastern Eurasian steppe, facilitating survival in agriculturally challenging environments. While previous research has indicated that ruminant dairy pastoralism was practiced in the region by c. 1300 BC, the origin, extent and diversity of this custom remains poorly understood. Here we analyze ancient proteins from human dental calculus recovered from geographically diverse locations across Mongolia and spanning 5,000 years in time. We present the earliest evidence for dairy consumption on the eastern Eurasian steppe by c. 3000 BC, and the later emergence of horse milking at c. 1200 BC, concurrent with the first evidence for horse riding. We argue that ruminant dairying contributed to the demographic success of Bronze Age Mongolian populations, and that the origins of traditional horse dairy products in eastern Eurasia are closely tied to the regional emergence of mounted herding societies during the late second millennium BC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years

et al. 2020

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“…However, little attention has been paid to the possible interactions between the inorganic pigments and the organic binders, and influence of painting binding on the degradation of red lead. Due to the influence of temperature, humidity, light, and biodeterioration/biodegradation, the painted layers of the Pb 3 O 4 pigment are prone to discoloration or they darken or whiten . The irreversible alterations have significantly affected the aesthetic outcome of the wall paintings and unfavorable environmental conditions of preservation have been decisive for pigment chemical alterations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of red lead pigment in the oil painting during UV aging

Zhao

Wang

Pan

et al. 2019

Color Research & Application

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The degradation product and mechanism of red lead pigment (Pb 3 O 4 , minium) in pure powder and in modeled oil painting are dynamically tracked during ultraviolet light aging by the change of color, crystal structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology. After UV aging, the color of pure minium pigment gradually darkens from bright orange-red into black, but the color of model paint samples made by minium and tung oil binder changes into brownish and whitish color (ΔE * = 56.60). After aging, the crystal structure of Pb 3 O 4 powder is proved to transfer into plattnerite (β-PbO 2 ) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, but the degradation product of Pb 3 O 4 in model paint samples is identified as 2PbCO 3 ÁPb(OH) 2 by the noticeable peaks at 24.8 , 27.4 , and 34.3 in XRD pattern, and two new Fourier transform infrared peaks at 1393 cm −1 and 682 cm −1 attributed to the presence of CO 2 − 3 , and a new peak at 1051 cm −1 in Raman spectroscopy. During UV aging, the model paint samples' surface is verified gradually from wrinkled surface into nanoscale sheet-like structure and finally a regular hexagonal plate-like crystal structure, showing hexagonal crystals of hydrocerussit 2PbCO 3 ÁPb(OH) 2 . This reveals the interaction between organic tung oil binder and inorganic minium to accelerate the degradation of Pb 3 O 4 pigment. Therefore, the degradation mechanism is deduced as that CO 2 and H + formed by oxidizing ester/carboxyl groups in tung oil reacts with Pb 2+ to yield the white product of 2PbCO 3 ÁPb(OH) 2 . It is believed that this study will contribute much to the complete understanding of the degradation of minium pigment in oil paintings. K E Y W O R D Sdegradation mechanism, oil painting, pigment, red lead (Pb 3 O 4 ), UV light aging

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“…This provided a calculated mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval for each staining condition. The calculation methodology is derived from [36].…”

Section: Quantification Of Tyrosine Histidine and Total Iodinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical effects of diceCT staining protocols on fluid-preserved avian specimens

et al. 2020

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Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) techniques allow visualization of soft tissues of fluid-preserved specimens in three dimensions without dissection or histology. Two popular diceCT stains, iodine-potassium iodide (I 2 KI) dissolved in water and elemental iodine (I 2) dissolved in 100% ethanol (EtOH), yield striking results. Despite the widespread use of these stains in clinical and biological fields, the molecular mechanisms that result in color change and radiopacity attributed to iodine staining are poorly understood. Requests to apply these stains to anatomical specimens preserved in natural history museums are increasing, yet curators have little information about the potential for degradation of treated specimens. To assess the molecular effects of iodine staining on typical museum specimens, we compared the two popular stains and two relatively unexplored stains (I 2 KI in 70% EtOH, I 2 in 70% EtOH). House sparrows (Passer domesticus) were collected and preserved under uniform conditions following standard museum protocols, and each was then subjected to one of the stains. Results show that the three ethanolbased stains worked equally well (producing fully stained, lifelike , publication quality scans) but in different timeframes (five, six, or eight weeks). The specimen in I 2 KI in water became degraded in physical condition, including developing flexible, demineralized bones. The ethanol-based methods also resulted in some demineralization but less than the water-based stain. The pH of the water-based stain was notably acidic compared to the water used as solvent in the stain. Our molecular analyses indicate that whereas none of the stains resulted in unacceptable levels of protein degradation, the bones of a specimen stained with I 2 KI in water demineralized throughout the staining process. We conclude that staining with I 2 KI or elemental I 2 in 70% EtOH can yield high-quality soft-tissue visualization in a timeframe that is similar to that of better-known iodine-based stains, with lower risk of negative impacts on specimen condition.

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Palaeoproteomic Profiling of Conservation Layers on a 14th Century Italian Wall Painting

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years

Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years

Degradation of red lead pigment in the oil painting during UV aging

Chemical effects of diceCT staining protocols on fluid-preserved avian specimens

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