Paleofloods and the Estimation of Long Term Transmission Losses and Recharge to the Lower Nahal Zin Alluvial Aquifer, Negev Desert, Israel

Greenbaum, Noam; Schwartz, Uri; Schick, Asher P.; Enzell, Yehouda

doi:10.1029/ws005p0311

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For the unknown conditions of early Mars, we employ equation :

R_{run} = P - T - E,

where R run is the runoff rate, T is the transmission loss into the regolith, and E is the evaporative losses. Transmission losses for different terrains vary greatly, ranging from ~20% to up to 95% of the total precipitation (e.g., Greenbaum et al, ; Lange, ; Goodrich et al, ). However, an accepted average transmission loss over a long period of time is approximately 30–40% (Schoener , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Simulations of Early Mars With Estimated Precipitation, Runoff, and Erosion Rates

2020

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The debate over the early Martian climate is among the most intriguing in planetary science. Although the geologic evidence generally supports a warmer and wetter climate, climate models have had difficulty simulating such a scenario, leading some to suggest that the observed fluvial geology (e.g., valley networks, modified landscapes) on the Martian surface could have formed in a cold climate instead. However, as we have originally predicted using a single‐column radiative‐convective climate model (Ramirez, Kopparapu, Zugger, et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2000), warming from CO2‐H2 collision‐induced absorption on a volcanically active early Mars could have raised mean surface temperatures above the freezing point, with later calculations showing that this is achievable with hydrogen concentrations as low as ~1%. Nevertheless, these predictions should be tested against more complex models. Here we use an advanced energy balance model that includes a northern lowlands ocean to show that mean surface temperatures near or slightly above the freezing point of water were necessary to carve the valley networks. Our scenario is consistent with a relatively large ocean as has been suggested. Valley network distributions would have been global prior to subsequent removal processes. At lower mean surface temperatures and smaller ocean sizes, precipitation and surface erosion efficiency diminish. The warm period may have been approximately <107 years, perhaps suggesting that episodic warming mechanisms were not needed. Atmospheric collapse and permanently glaciated conditions occur once surface ice coverage exceeds a threshold depending on collision‐induced absorption assumptions. Our results support an early warm and semiarid climate consistent with many geologic observations.

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“…For the unknown conditions of early Mars, we employ equation :

R_{run} = P - T - E,

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Simulations of Early Mars With Estimated Precipitation, Runoff, and Erosion Rates

2020

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“…The colluvial part of slopes contributes runoff only during large storms (Yair & Lavee, 1976;Yair & Enzel, 1987;Yair, 1992). Regardless, high transmission losses along alluvial channels considerably decrease the quantities of the channeled water (Schick, 1988;Kuells et al, 1995;Greenbaum et al, 2002). Overall, the combined effect of these processes allows a runoff coefficient (C r ) of 15%-30% for medium-to large-sized storms, while during very large storms, a C r of up to 40% can be achieved.…”

Section: Climatic and Hydrological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient Runoff Harvesting Agriculture in the Hyper‐Arid Uvda Valley of Israel: An Agro‐Hydrological Assessment

et al. 2017

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Archaeological surveys conducted since the 1980s in the hyper‐arid Uvda Valley of southern Israel revealed extensive lands with runoff harvesting systems for growing barley and wheat during ancient times. Despite the impossibility of dating the earth and stone installations of terraces and limans due to their decay over time, a wealth of ancient agricultural tools located across the valley revealed inhabitation between the Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze ages. Also, cropping of barley in the valley's runoff harvesting systems took place until the 1950s by local Bedouin populations. The objective of this study was to assess the valley's agronomic potential under current climatic conditions. This was assessed by the analysis of precipitation (P) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) data for the rainy seasons during a 17‐year period between 1999–2000 and 2015–2016. Using the ETo data and the single crop coefficient (Kc) for barley and wheat allowed the calculation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the seasonal soil water deficit (D). Hydrological assessment of the valley's basin allowed the calculation of potential runoff volumes which could be available for agricultural use on the valley floor. Overall, the results showed a potential for successful cereal cultivation only in one to two years during this 17‐year period. This revealed no viability for local agriculture under current climatic conditions. Insights from this study consist with other studies which indicated considerably drier climatic conditions at present compared to those in ancient times, and even compared to those in the mid‐twentieth century. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Greenbaum et al [13] reported event-based recharge from several empirical studies conducted in an intensively instrumented alluvial reach of an alluvial fan of the lower Nahal Zin in hyper-arid Negev Desert. The results indicated that transmission losses and recharge were related to the flood volume by a power decay function, and that flood volume increased exponentially with flood peak.…”

Section: Field and Empirical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Transmission Losses in Ephemeral Streams, Western U.S.A

Cataldo¹

2013

TOHYDJ

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Transmission losses (TL) are complicated phenomena that characterize the processes of evapotranspiration and infiltration as water moves down a stream. This analysis focuses on transmission losses that occur within the stream and can be computed with data from tandem stream gauges. Data from Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW), in southeast Arizona, are the primary source. The WGEW is a typical watershed in the region where a network of alluviumfilled stream represents a range of widths and slopes. TL results were compared with those from other U.S. streams as reported in several published papers. TL per kilometer (TL/km) were calculated by dividing the difference between flow volumes at the upstream and downstream gages by the distance between gages. Only storms that occurred above the upstream gage were considered. TL/km for several storms and stream reaches were plotted against the inflow volume and peak inflow discharge and a consistent pattern emerged. These plots yielded parameterized equations that were used to compare published TL for Queen Creek, AZ and several Plains States streams. The sediment characteristics of the streams were also incorporated into the model by using their hydraulic conductivity. The objective of this study was to develop a simple, rapid method requiring only a minimum of pre-existing data to determine transmission losses in ephemeral streams in arid climates that can be used easily by regulators and planners. Furthermore, the models can contribute to the determination of "significant nexus" of the US Clean Water Act (CWA), Section 404 jurisdiction.

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Paleofloods and the Estimation of Long Term Transmission Losses and Recharge to the Lower Nahal Zin Alluvial Aquifer, Negev Desert, Israel

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Climate Simulations of Early Mars With Estimated Precipitation, Runoff, and Erosion Rates

Climate Simulations of Early Mars With Estimated Precipitation, Runoff, and Erosion Rates

Ancient Runoff Harvesting Agriculture in the Hyper‐Arid Uvda Valley of Israel: An Agro‐Hydrological Assessment

Prediction of Transmission Losses in Ephemeral Streams, Western U.S.A

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