Palisade Endings in Extraocular Muscles of the Monkey are Immunoreactive for Choline Acetyltransferase and Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter

Konakci, Kadriye Zeynep; Streicher, Johannes; Hoetzenecker, Wolfram; Haberl, Ines; Blumer, Michael; Wieczorek, Grazyna; Meingassner, Josef G.; Paal, Szabolcs Levente; Holzinger, Daniel; Lukas, Julius-Robert; Blumer, Roland

doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0726

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Palisade endings were assumed to be sensory structures, compensating for a general lack of conventional proprioceptive receptors (muscle spindles) in the extraocular musculature (Billig, Buisseret-Delmas, & Buisseret, 1997; Donaldson, 2000; Ruskell, Kjellevold Haugen, Bruenech, & van der Werf, 2005; Steinbach, 1987; Weir, Knox, & Dutton, 2000). However, palisade endings also show features that correlate with a motor function: for example, they contain vesicles and are immunoreactive for cholinergic markers (Blumer et al, 2009; Eberhorn et al, 2005; Konakci et al, 2005a, 2005b; Lukas et al, 2000). Furthermore, injections of anterograde tracer into the extraocular motor nuclei label palisade endings, indicating the source of these features lies in the MIF motoneuron pools (Lienbacher, Mustari, Ying, Büttner-Ennever, & Horn, 2011; Zimmermann, May, Pastor, Streicher, & Blumer, 2011; Zimmermann et al, 2013).…”

Section: | Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to medial rectus motoneurons supplying singly and multiply innervated extraocular muscle fibers

Bohlen

Warren

May

2017

J of Comparative Neurology

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We recently demonstrated a bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor area from the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), a region implicated in horizontal gaze changes. C-group motoneurons, which supply multiply innervated fibers in the medial rectus muscle, are located within the primate supraoculomotor area, but their inputs and function are poorly understood. Here, we tested whether C-group motoneurons in Macaca fascicularis monkeys receive a direct cMRF input by injecting this portion of the reticular formation with anterograde tracers in combination with injection of retrograde tracer into the medial rectus muscle. The results indicate that the cMRF provides a dense, bilateral projection to the region of the medial rectus C-group motoneurons. Numerous close associations between labeled terminals and each multiply innervated fiber motoneuron were present. Within the oculomotor nucleus, a much sparser ipsilateral projection onto some of the A- and B-group medial rectus motoneurons that supply singly innervated fibers was observed. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a direct synaptic linkage between anterogradely labeled reticular terminals and retrogradely labeled medial rectus motoneurons in all three groups. These findings reinforce the notion that the cMRF is a critical hub for oculomotility by proving that it contains premotor neurons supplying horizontal extraocular muscle motoneurons. The differences between the cMRF input patterns for C-group versus A- and B-group motoneurons suggest the C-group motoneurons serve a different oculomotor role than the others. The similar patterns of cMRF input to C-group motoneurons and preganglionic Edinger-Westphal motoneurons suggest that medial rectus C-group motoneurons may play a role in accommodation-related vergence.

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Section: | Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to medial rectus motoneurons supplying singly and multiply innervated extraocular muscle fibers

Bohlen

Warren

May

2017

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…In later studies of other species, the same authors ascertained that the structures in question are pure cholinergic motor organs arising from axons that also supply the associated MIF. [27][28][29][30] They hence argued, in contrast to previous studies, 31 that surgical strabismus procedures should have no side effects with respect to eye-position signals. 30 Other studies, using central tracer injections in non-human primates, also support a motor function, but suggest that tendon endings and 'en grappe' terminals arise from separate neurons located around the periphery of the motor nuclei of EOMs.…”

Section: Myotendinous Nerve Endingsmentioning

confidence: 89%

How does the structure of extraocular muscles and their nerves affect their function?

Bruenech

Haugen²

2014

Eye

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The sensory and motor control of human extraocular muscles (EOMs) have been subjected to considerable speculation in ophthalmic literature, often related to infranuclear structures such as the unique complement of muscle fibres and their associated sensory organs. The intrafusal fibres do not resemble their somatic counterparts and their peculiar morphology has raised questions about their proprioceptive capacity. No Golgi tendon organs have so far been observed and the myotendinous nerve endings, previously assumed to convey sensory information, have recently been argued to merely represent constituents of the efferent innervation serving the multiply innervated muscles fibres. These observations raise questions about the overall capacity to monitor the activity created by the generous efferent nerve supply observed in these muscles. Furthermore, the argued independent activity of muscular layers and compartments suggest that the required feedback must be highly structured and more specific than previously assumed. Yet, uncertainty about the source of such information remains. The purpose of this paper is to provide a short review of neuromuscular properties of human extraocular muscles. Their functional implications and the most reputable sources of proprioception will also be discussed. The promoted views are based on pertinent literature and previous research undertaken by the authors.

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“…The palisade endings are found exclusively in the EOM of some mammals. These show unique encapsulated structures, which travel to the muscle insertion, then turn back 180°to the myotendinous junction [19,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural changes in myotendinous nerve endings induced by injection of botulinum toxin into the extraocular muscle

Suh

Uhm

Cho

2010

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Palisade Endings in Extraocular Muscles of the Monkey are Immunoreactive for Choline Acetyltransferase and Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter

Cited by 26 publications

References 29 publications

A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to medial rectus motoneurons supplying singly and multiply innervated extraocular muscle fibers

A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to medial rectus motoneurons supplying singly and multiply innervated extraocular muscle fibers

How does the structure of extraocular muscles and their nerves affect their function?

Ultrastructural changes in myotendinous nerve endings induced by injection of botulinum toxin into the extraocular muscle

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