Palladium-Doped Tin Oxide Nanosensor for the Detection of the Air Pollutant Carbon Monoxide Gas

Abstract

The exhaust gases from various sources cause air pollution, which is a leading contributor to the global disease burden. Hence, it has become vital to monitor and control the increasing pollutants coming out of the various sources into the environment. This paper has designed and developed a sensor material to determine the amount of carbon monoxide (CO), which is one of the major primary air pollutants produced by human activity. Nanoparticle-based sensors have several benefits in sensitivity and specificity over sensors made from traditional materials. In this study, tin oxide (SnO2), which has greater sensitivity to the target gas, is selected as the sensing material which selectively senses only CO. Tin oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized from stannous chloride dihydrate chemical compound by chemical precipitation method. Palladium, at the concentration of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% by weight, was added to tin oxide and the results were compared. Synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. XRD revealed the tetragonal structure of the SnO2 nanoparticles and FESEM analysis showed the size of the nanoparticles to be about 7–20 nm. Further, the real-time sensor testing was performed and the results proved that the tin oxide sensor, doped with 0.2% palladium, senses the CO gas more efficiently with greater sensitivity.

Impact of Palladium Decoration on the Performance of Co-SmFeO₃ Based Gas Sensor

“…In Pd decorated Co-SFO thick film, the enhanced sensing performance towards ammonia gas may be the combined effect of chemical sensitization or electronic sensitization. Palladium ion (Pd 2+ ) has unoccupied d orbit and unpaired valence electron [30]. Palladium exists as PdO nanoparticles on the surface of Co-SFO in air and can rise the adsorption of oxygen in air.…”

Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films deposited by pneumatic spray pyrolysis and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: a direct comparison

“…This transition occurs due to stoichiometry deviation, resulting in n-type conductivity in films just a few nanometers thick [1,2]. Doping with SnO 2 can further enhance its n-type conductivity, with elements such as aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), indium (In), gallium (Ga), molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), cobalt (Co), cerium (Ce), boron (B), iron (Fe), and fluorine (F) commonly used for this purpose [3][4][5][6][7]. Among these, fluorine is the most widely used element for doping due to its low cost and simplicity.…”