Palm Oil-Based Precursors for Development of Polymeric Delivery System

Abstract

The use of precursors from natural based polymers offer a more biocompatible and biodegradable properties in producing polymer drug vehicle compared to drug vehicles made from synthetic polymer precursors, which normally found in high molecular weight (MW). High MW polymer will lead to immunologic inflammatory responses due to their lower biodegradability and higher cytotoxicity compared to low MW that could give smaller particle size, higher solubility, higher release efficiency, non-immunogenic, better biodegradability and lower cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce valuable precursors, particularly to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPOo) and diol, to be used in the development of a new polymeric drug vehicle with low MW. An EPOo was synthesized via in-situ epoxidizing of palm olein (POo) with peracid and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) catalyst. Meanwhile the diol was synthesized using hydroxylation of palm oil-based oleic acid via esterification of oleic acid (OA) with glycerol and 4-dodecylbenzyl sulfonic acid catalyst (DBSA). It was found that both palm oil-based precursors have been successfully synthesized from natural resources of palm oil. Physico-chemical properties of the synthesized precursors showed that the EPOo and the diol possess average molecular weight (MW) between 900-1500 g/mol and hydroxyl functionality between 2 and 3, based on the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) group functionality, showed in the Infra-red (IR) spectra in the range of 3200-3600 cm -1 . These low MW palm oil based-precursors have potential uses for the design and development of new properties of polymeric drug vehicle such as acrylated palm olein (APOo) and polyol polyester, which will produce particle size in the range of 100 -200 nm or smaller with high efficiency drug loading and controlled release profiles.Keywords: drug delivery system, palm oil, polymeric nanoparticle Abstrak Penggunaan pelopor dari polimer semulajadi bagi menghasilkan penyampai ubat polimer mempunyai kelebihan tertentu iaitu ianya bersifat bioserasi dan biodegradasi berbanding sistem penyampai ubat yang dibuat daripada pelopor polimer sintetik, kebiasaannya mempunyai berat molekul (MW) yang tinggi. Polimer dengan MW yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan gerak balas keradangan keimunan akibat kurang keterbiodegradasikan dan kesitotoksikan yang tinggi dibandingkan MW yang rendah yang boleh menghasilkan partikel bersaiz lebih kecil, keterlarutan dan kecekapan perlepasan yang tinggi, tidak imunogen, terbiodegradasi dengan lebih baik dan sitotoksiti yang rendah. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menghasilkan pelopor yang bersifat istimewa, terutamanya minyak sawit olein terepoksida (EPOo) dan diol yang digunakan dalam membangunkan sistem penyampaian ubat dengan MW yang rendah. EPOo telah disintesis menggunakan pengepoksidaan in-situ minyak sawit olein (POo) dengan perasid dan pemangkin asid sulfurik (H 2 SO 4 ). Sementara itu, diol disintesis menggunakan penghidroksilan minyak sawit oleik menggunakan pengesteran asid oleik (OA) dengan gliserol dan p...

Preparation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-co-Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanoparticles Loaded by Rivastigmine for Brain Delivery

“…The disappearance of T g of Riv in the drug-loaded nanoparticles may be attributed to the entrapment of drug molecules in NPs. On the other hand, DSC thermogram of NPs exhibited an endothermic transition peak at 6.1 °C (in the range of −2.3 to 11.3 °C) that was attributed to the melting point ( T m ) of OA . However, a leftward shift in the T m was observed in the case of drug-loaded NPs (−8.1 °C) that confirms the interaction between Riv and OA.…”