Elaeis Guineensis 2022
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.97312
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Palm Oil Clinker as a Waste by-Product: Utilization and Circular Economy Potential

Abstract: Conservation of natural resources to create ecological balance could be significantly improved by substituting them with waste by-products. Palm oil industry operations increases annually, thereby generating huge quantity of waste to be dumped into the landfill. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a solid waste by-product produced in one of the oil palm processing phases. This chapter is designed to highlight the generation, disposal problems, properties and composition of POC. The waste to resource potentials of POC wo… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…It is not contaminated and does not have any dangerous elements. However, before alum sludge can be recycled and used in other applications, it is crucial to understand its properties [14]. All water authorities across the world continue to face a difficult environmental and financial dilemma with the management of alum sludge [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is not contaminated and does not have any dangerous elements. However, before alum sludge can be recycled and used in other applications, it is crucial to understand its properties [14]. All water authorities across the world continue to face a difficult environmental and financial dilemma with the management of alum sludge [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biochar has a negative surface charge with high surface area and large pore volume [48]. Those features allow biochar to be a sufficient and promising adsorbent due to distinct adsorption on oxygenated functional groups, electrostatic attraction to aromatic groups, and precipitation on the mineral of biochar [49][50][51]. The biochar-based metal oxide can extract negatively charged oxyanion from an aqueous solution by using the high surface area of biochar as a medium to embed metal oxide with contacting chemical properties [52][53][54].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inorganic compounds in the water samples also prone to oxidize by the oxidant such as dichromate. It can be elucidates that water flowed from the three samples are high in COD concentration as the POC contains about 3.35% of organic carbon, inorganic oxides and minerals like halite, lysite, eglestonite, elatossite, quartz and cristobalite [13]. Whereby, all the water samples were not complied with the recommended raw water quality parameters from MOH Malaysia and WHO.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 94%