Pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Scotland: Epidemiology and early pathology

McVicar, A. H.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(87)90009-3

Cited by 84 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Apart from the facts that in the present case neither the pancreas nor skeletal muscle was involved to any significant degree, and that this disease affected fat and well-grown fish (whereas PD mainly targets fish in their first year in salt water), the major apparent difference lies in the severity and extent of the cardiac lesions; in one case of PD (Ferguson et al 198613) the hypercellularity and associated myocardial degeneration and coagulative necrosis were relatively subdued compared to most (but by no means all) fish in the present case. Moreover, in a review of the lesions associated with PD on a large number of farms, McVicar (1987) reported that cardiomypopathy was a n inconstant finding. Another difference from PD may lie in the blood chemistry; preliminary results show that fish with CMS have normal plasma vitamin E levels compared to dramatically low levels in Norwegian fish with PD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How does this disease compare to 'pancreas disease' (PD) of Salmo salar, another condition of intensively reared Atlantic salmon (Munro et al 1984, McVicar 1987 in which the heart (and other striated muscles) may also be involved, and which can sometimes be found with CMS on the same facilities? Apart from the facts that in the present case neither the pancreas nor skeletal muscle was involved to any significant degree, and that this disease affected fat and well-grown fish (whereas PD mainly targets fish in their first year in salt water), the major apparent difference lies in the severity and extent of the cardiac lesions; in one case of PD (Ferguson et al 198613) the hypercellularity and associated myocardial degeneration and coagulative necrosis were relatively subdued compared to most (but by no means all) fish in the present case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, in summary, these 2 syndromes seem to have quite distinct clinical and pathological presentations, but the possiblity nevertheless remains that they merely represent extreme ends of the spectrum of the same disease, w t h the same but as yet undetermined aetiology. At the present time, PD is considered (McVicar 1987) to be distinct from infectious pancreatic necrosis (PN), caused by a birnavirus. It should be pointed out however, that in Norway, high titres to this virus are found in fish with PD as well as in those with CMS (Poppe et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiomyopathy in farmed Norwegian salmon

Ferguson¹,

Poppe²

1990

Dis. Aquat. Org.

125

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This paper describes the gross findings, histopathology, and ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopical (SEM) appearance of farmed Norwegian Atlantic salmon dying from a disease known locally as 'acute heart failure' Pathological findings were mainly cardiac, and some fish showed haemopericardium due to rupture of the atrial wall. Lesions were largely restricted to the spongy portion of ventricle and atrium, and comprised myocardial degeneration and necrosis, with variable degrees of endocardial-associated hypercellularity, plus macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration; epicarditis was also present in most fish. Transmission electron microscope findings confirmed the myofibrillar disruption, while the SEM showed crater-like discontinuities in the endocardial plasmalemma. The cause and pathogenesis of these remarkably severe lesions are unknown; whether they are primarily degenerative or inflammatory must await a more in-depth study. Until more is known, use of the term cardiomyopathy syndrome would seem most appropriate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiomyopathy in farmed Norwegian salmon

Ferguson¹,

Poppe²

1990

Dis. Aquat. Org.

125

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“…Pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. was first recognised in Scotland in 1976 (Munro et al 1984, McVicar 1987, 1990, Ferguson et al 1986a, 1986b, Rodger et al 1994. Rodger et al (1991) and Murphy et al (1992) published the first descriptions of PD in Ireland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virological, serological and histopathological evaluation of fish strain susceptibility to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus

McLoughlin¹,

Graham²,

Norris³

et al. 2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Pancreas disease (PD) of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., which is caused by an alphavirus known as salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV), can have serious economic consequences. An epidemiological survey carried out in Ireland in 2003 indicated that within individual farms there were significant differences in the susceptibility of different strains of farmed Atlantic salmon to infection with SPDV, as measured by levels of clinical disease and mortality. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate this field observation by comparing lesion development, viraemia and serological responses of 3 commercial strains of Atlantic salmon (A, B and C) experimentally infected with SPDV. Highly significant differences in the severity of lesions in the pancreas at Day 21 post-infection (pi) were detected (p < 0.01), with Group B being more severely affected. There were also significant differences in the prevalence and severity of lesions in heart and skeletal muscle at Day 21 and 35 pi respectively, with Group B results again significantly higher than those from both Groups A and C (p < 0.05). There was no overlap between viraemia and the presence of specific SPDV antibody. Some fish in all groups had no viraemia, lesions or evidence of seroconversion. There were no significant differences seen between the challenged groups in relation to the percentage of viraemic fish at each time point. Viral loads were not determined. Differences between the number of antibody-positive fish in each challenge group were found at Days 28 and 35 pi (p < 0.1). Highly significant differences (p < 0.01) in the geometric mean titres of seropositive fish were detected at Day 28. These results, obtained using a challenge model, confirm that there are strain differences in the susceptibility to experimental SPDV infection in commercial farmed Atlantic salmon. KEY WORDS: Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus · SPDV · Atlantic salmon · Disease susceptibility · Experimental challenge Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 72: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133] 2006 (SPDV), the aetiological agent of PD, was isolated in 1993 (Nelson et al. 1995) and was subsequently classified as a salmonid alphavirus (SAV) (Weston et al. 1999(Weston et al. , 2002.National surveys in Ireland from 1989 to 1994 indicated that mortality owing to PD could be up to 48%, with 94% of Irish marine sites affected, and that PD was the major cause of disease losses at that time (Menzies et al. 1996). From 1996 to 2001 there appeared to be a lower incidence and severity of PD in Ireland (McLoughlin et al. 1998). However, in 2002 there was an increase in both the severity and incidence of PD recorded in Ireland ).An epidemiological survey undertaken in 2003 revealed that 13 of 21 sites (61%) had experienced PD, with mortality reaching 40% in some cages . There have also been reports from Scotland and Norway that PD has re-emerged as a significant problem in specific regions of both countries, resu...

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“…The disease is characterized by degeneration and necrosis of cardiomyocytes with subsequent inflammation, pancreatic acinar cell loss and subsequent skeletal muscle degeneration (McLoughlin et al, 2006;McVicar, 1987). PD is caused by salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) also referred to as salmonid alphavirus (SAV), and belongs to the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with salmonid alphavirus 3 generates numerous viral deletion mutants

Petterson

Stormoen

Evensen

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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Salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) also referred to as salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is a virus causing pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Although the virus causes an economically important disease, relatively few full-length genome sequences of SAV strains are currently available. Here, we report full-length genome sequences of nine SAV3 strains from sites farming Atlantic salmon geographically spread along the Norwegian coastline. The virus genomes were sequenced directly from infected heart tissue, to avoid culture selection bias. Sequence analysis confirmed a high level of sequence identity within SAV3 strains, with a mean nucleotide diversity of 0.11 %. Sequence divergence was highest in 6K and E2, while lowest in the capsid protein and the non-structural proteins (nsP4 and nsP2). This study reports for the first time that numerous defective viruses containing genome deletions are generated during natural infection with SAV. Deletions occurred in all virus strains and were not distributed randomly throughout the genome but instead tended to aggregate in certain areas. We suggest imprecise homologous recombination as an explanation for generation of defective viruses with genome deletions. The presence of such viruses, provides a possible explanation for the difficulties in isolating SAV in cell culture. Primary virus isolation was successfully achieved for only two of eight strains, despite extensive attempts using three different cell lines. Both SAV isolates were easily propagated further and concomitant viral deletion mutants present in clinically infected heart tissue were maintained following serial passage in CHH-1 cells.

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Pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Scotland: Epidemiology and early pathology

Cited by 84 publications

References 3 publications

Cardiomyopathy in farmed Norwegian salmon

Cardiomyopathy in farmed Norwegian salmon

Virological, serological and histopathological evaluation of fish strain susceptibility to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus

Natural infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with salmonid alphavirus 3 generates numerous viral deletion mutants

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