Panel 7 – Pathogenesis of otitis media – a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019

Thornton, Ruth B.; Håkansson, Anders P.; Hood, Derek W.; Nokso-Koivisto, Johanna; Preciado, Diego; Riesbeck, Kristian; Richmond, Peter; Su, Yu-Ching; Swords, W. Edward; Brockman, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109838

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Another possible explanation is an underlying, undetected viral infection. Respiratory viruses play an important role in the onset of AOM, whereas their role in OME is debated ( 40 ). Due to the study setup and sample limitations, we were not able to analyze the presence of respiratory viruses in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

et al. 2020

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Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease, primarily affecting children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than three months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators) and the overall microbial community composition (microbiota) present in matched middle ear effusion samples (MEE), external ear canal lavages, and nasopharynx (NPH) samples from children with OME. Female patients had significantly increased percentages of T lymphocytes and higher levels of a wide array of inflammatory mediators in their MEEs compared to male patients, which was unrelated to microbiota composition. The relative abundances of identified microorganisms were strongly associated with their niche of origin. Furthermore, specific inflammatory mediators were highly correlated with certain bacterial species. Interestingly, some organisms displayed a niche-driven inflammation pattern, where presence of Haemophilus spp and Corynebacterium propinquum in MEEs was accompanied by pro-inflammatory mediators, whereas their presence in NPH was accompanied by anti-inflammatory mediators. For Turicella and Alloiococcus we found exactly the opposite results, i.e., an anti-inflammatory profile when present in MEEs, whereas their presence in the NPH was accompanied by a pro-inflammatory profile. Altogether, our results indicate that immune responses in children with OME are highly niche- and microbiota-driven, but gender-based differences were also observed, providing novel insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms behind OME.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

et al. 2020

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“…However, the mechanisms by which common acute OM progresses in severity despite treatment are poorly understood. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of genetic susceptibility in humans, and of host-microbiota interactions are key to understanding OM progression and improving current protocols for prevention, diagnosis and treatment ( Marsh et al, 2020 ; Santos-Cortez et al, 2020 ; Thornton et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Otitis Media As a Clinical Disease And A Public Health Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Otitis Media Genomics and the Middle Ear Microbiome

2021

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“…Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common infections in young children and is associated with otopathogenic bacteria and/or viruses within the upper respiratory tract ( Rovers et al., 2004 ; Nokso-Koivisto et al., 2015 ; Phillips et al., 2020 ; Thornton et al., 2020 ). Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae , non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis are the three main bacterial otopathogens of OM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract can contribute to OM development, through direct causation of AOM ( Chonmaitree and Heikkinen, 1997 ; Heikkinen and Chonmaitree, 2003 ; Nokso-Koivisto et al., 2015 ; Chonmaitree et al., 2016 ; Schilder et al., 2016 ; Thornton et al., 2020 ) and/or initiation of inflammation prolonging middle ear effusion (MEE) ( Chonmaitree and Heikkinen, 1997 ; Heikkinen and Chonmaitree, 2003 ; Nokso-Koivisto et al., 2015 ). A range of respiratory viruses, including adenovirus (ADV), rhinovirus (HRV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have been detected in the middle ear, nasopharynx and adenoids of children with AOM ( Heikkinen et al., 1999 ; Chonmaitree, 2000 ; Heikkinen and Chonmaitree, 2003 ; Ishibashi et al., 2003 ; Monobe et al., 2003 ; Nokso-Koivisto et al., 2004 ; Ruohola et al., 2006 ; Bulut et al., 2007 ; Drago et al., 2008 ; Binks et al., 2011 ; Wiertsema et al., 2011a ; Ruohola et al., 2013 ; Marom et al., 2019 ; Sawada et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predominant Bacterial and Viral Otopathogens Identified Within the Respiratory Tract and Middle Ear of Urban Australian Children Experiencing Otitis Media Are Diversely Distributed

Ngo

Massa

McMonagle

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundOtitis media (OM) is one of the most common infections in young children, arising from bacterial and/or viral infection of the middle ear. Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are the predominant bacterial otopathogens. Importantly, common upper respiratory viruses are increasingly recognized contributors to the polymicrobial pathogenesis of OM. This study aimed to identify predominant bacteria and viruses in the nasopharynx, adenoids and middle ears of peri-urban/urban South-East Queensland Australian children, with and without clinical history of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and/or recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM).MethodsSixty children, 43 diagnosed with OM and 17 controls with no clinical history of OM from peri-urban/urban South-East Queensland community were recruited to the study. Respiratory tract bacterial and viral presence were examined within nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), middle ear effusions (MEE) and adenoids, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and bacterial culture.ResultsAt least one otopathogen present was observed in all adenoid samples, 86.1% and 82.4% of NPS for children with and without OM, respectively, and 47.1% of the MEE from the children with OM. NTHi was the most commonly detected bacteria in both the OM and control cohorts within the adenoids (90.0% vs 93.8%), nasopharynx (67.4% vs 58.8%) respectively, and in the MEE (OM cohort 25.9%). Viruses were detected in all adenoid samples, 67.4% vs 47.1% of the NPS from the OM and control cohorts, respectively, and 37% of the MEE. Rhinovirus was the predominant virus identified in the adenoids (85.0% vs 68.8%) and nasopharynx (37.2% vs 41.2%) from the OM and control cohorts, respectively, and the MEE (19.8%).ConclusionsNTHi and rhinovirus are predominant otopathogens within the upper respiratory tract of children with and without OM from peri-urban and urban South-East Queensland, Australia. The presence of bacterial otopathogens within the middle ear is more predictive of concurrent URT infection than was observed for viruses, and the high otopathogen carriage within adenoid tissues confirms the complex polymicrobial environment in children, regardless of OM history.

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Panel 7 – Pathogenesis of otitis media – a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019

Cited by 15 publications

References 170 publications

Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

Editorial: Otitis Media Genomics and the Middle Ear Microbiome

Predominant Bacterial and Viral Otopathogens Identified Within the Respiratory Tract and Middle Ear of Urban Australian Children Experiencing Otitis Media Are Diversely Distributed

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