“…The empirical evidence based on psychodynamic approach has highlighted various vulnerability factors, such as history of masturbation at a younger age; indulgence in masturbation for sexual release and relieving stress in patients with panic disorder (Bancroft et al, 2003;Hazlett-Stevens et al, 2002;Walker et al, 1992, Goodwin et al, 2005Briere and Elliott, 2003;Bakim et al, 2011as cited in Aksoy et al, 2012Dell'Osso et al, 2012;Godemann et al, 2009). Furthermore, the findings also revealed the relationship of childhood sexual abuse with various psychological symptoms, sexual and physical abuse with sexuality of patients with panic disorder and higher prevalence of sexual obsessions in patients with panic disorder (Bancroft et al, 2003;Hazlett-Stevens et al, 2002;Walker et al, 1992;Goodwin et al, 2005;Briere and Elliott, 2003;Bakim et al, 2011as cited in Aksoy et al, 2012Dell'Osso et al, 2012;Godemann et al, 2009). Also, attachment styles and parental bonding have been linked with panic disorders, for instance, avoidance and high attachment anxiety as risk factors for psychopathology and influence of cultural factors were reported by Sümer and Harma (2015).…”