Paracrine Mechanisms Involved in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of a world-wide healthcare problem that involves the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes myocardial infarction and coronary artery diseases (CAD). Dysfunctional myocardial cells are leading causes of low cardiac output or ventricular dysfunction after cardiac arrest and may contribute to the progression of CVD which could not to generate new cardiomyocytes in human adult heart. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are present in adult marrow can self-renew and have the capacity of differentiation into multiple types of cells including cardiomyocytes. Recent biochemical analyses greatly revealed that several regulators of MSCs such as HGF, PDGF, Wnt, and Notch-1 signaling pathways have been shown to involved in the proliferation and differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Preclinical studies are paving the way for further applications of MSCs in the repair of myocardial infarction. In this study, we discuss and summarize the paracrine mechanisms involved in MSCs differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Decellularized Human Dermal Matrix as a Biological Scaffold for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration

“…Accordingly, when compared with d-HuM, d-HuSk also contained growth factors that are commonly stored in the native cardiac matrix, like HGF, IGF, SCF, PDGF, and VEGF, and was enriched with growth factors like bFGF, EGF, GM-CSF, and TGF-beta (Figure 5). These factors are involved in a variety of cardiac processes like cardiac development (Saetrum Opgaard and Wang, 2005;Deshwar et al, 2016), mobilization and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells (Qiu et al, 2014), angiogenesis and neovascularization (Murakami and Simons, 2008;Beohar et al, 2010), cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation (Ma et al, 2017;Farzaneh et al, 2019), cardioprotection (Zhu et al, 2017), cardiac remodeling (Sala and Crepaldi, 2011), and repair (Vandervelde et al, 2005). Such abundance of growth factors in d-HuSk strengthens its suitability for CTE as a promising tool capable of providing alone two of the three pillars of tissue engineering (O'Brien, 2011), namely the scaffold and the signals, and whose potential to boost cardiac regeneration as stand-alone or cellularized scaffold is worth being further explored.…”

Therapeutic Potential of “Exosomes Derived Multiple Allogeneic Proteins Paracrine Signaling: Exosomes d-MAPPS” is Based on the Effects of Exosomes, Immunosuppressive and Trophic Factors

“…In addition to the cells of mesodermal origin (osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocytes), MSCs are capable of generating neural cells, hepatocytes, alveolar epithelial cells, insulinproducing cells, cardiomyocytes, indicating their clinical application (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Several lines of evidence suggested that MSCs have capacity to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes (9), hepatocytes (10,11), alveolar epithelial cells and lung precursor cells (13) contributing to the regeneration of injured myocardium, liver and lungs (12,(15)(16)(17). Additionally, in paracrine manner, through the production of immunomodulatory factors (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-10, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and growth related oncogene (GRO), MSCs are able to suppress detrimental autoimmune response and to attenuate autoimmune and chronic, inflammatory diseases (3,18,19).…”

Preconditioned and Genetically Modified Stem Cells for Myocardial Infarction Treatment

“…One limitation of the IGF-1 pretreatment is that it is not clear whether this GF can promote differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes [ 59 ]. On the other hand, HGF is a known regulator of MSCs differentiation into cardiomyocytes [ 60 ]. Therefore, Zhang and colleagues attempted to complement the IGF-1 preconditioning of stem cells with HGF pretreatment [ 59 ].…”