Parainfluenza Virus Type 3: Seasonality and Risk of Infection and Reinfection in Young Children

Glezen, W. Paul; Frank, Arthur L.; Taber, Larry H.; Kasel, Julius A.

doi:10.1093/infdis/150.6.851

Cited by 215 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

144

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A regular occurrence of outbreaks associated with parainfluenza virus type 3 each year and the tendency of parainfluenza virus type 1 and 2 outbreaks to occur every second year have also been observed in England (Martin, Gardner & McQuillin, 1978) and USA (Glezen et al 1984). Similar alternations between smaller and greater RSV outbreaks as seen in Norway have also been observed in other Scandinavian countries (0rstavik et al 1984;Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish monthly reports of laboratory diagnosis of virus infections).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Anestad¹

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYDuring the 7-year period from September 1978 to August 1985, smear specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions from 3132 patients mainly hospitalized children, taken in different regions in Norway, were examined for respiratory viruses by the rapid immunofluorescence (IF) technique. A positive diagnosis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 1, 2 and 3 or influenza A and B virus was made for 896 patients (29%). The greatest prevalence for all these viruses was observed during the colder months with only sporadic cases during the summer months. A relative increase in parainfluenza virus activity, involving several parainfluenza virus types, was observed in every second autumn and during these periods only sporadic cases of RSV infection were diagnosed. Also both RSV and parainfluenza viruses were less frequently found during influenza virus epidemics and regional differences in RSV activity were observed. During the four autumn periods 1982-85 the monthly number of positive virus identifications by IF followed an epidemic curve, while the corresponding number of negative samples was relatively constant. The results of this study suggest interference between RSV, parainfluenza viruses and influenza virus in reaching their epidemiological peaks. It is suggested that interferon might be a mediator of this effect.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Anestad¹

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As observed for RSV and influenza, the seasonal pattern of HPIV infections has been described in more detail in studies from temperate areas [7,29,30]. Seasonal patterns of HPIV infections are distinct among the subtypes and geographic regions and have changed since the first descriptions of HPIV, when, in the 50's and 60's, infections by subtypes 1, 2, and 3 occurred throughout the year, in an endemic pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…HPIV-2 was more sporadically detected. The initial pattern of HPIV-3 was endemic, but since 1978 it has changed to epidemic with outbreaks in late winter, spring or early summer, in the United States and Australia [3,6,7,17,26,29,30]. A small number of studies have reported an epidemiology of HPIV-4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Fé¹,

Monteiro²,

Moura³

2008

Braz J Infect Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4 [1]. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of acute respiratory infections (ARI), including lower respiratory tract infections, in infants and children. These three types of HPIV have been more extensively investigated than HPIV-4 [2-4]. All subtypes can cause a full spectrum of respiratory illness, including upper respiratory infections, croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia [1,5]. Seasonal patterns of HPIV infections are distinct among the subtypes and geographic regions. In the USA, HPIV-2 can cause yearly outbreaks or biennial epidemics in cocirculation with HPIV-1 during the fall seasons, while HPIV-3 causes yearly spring and summer epidemics [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In England and Wales HPIV-3 causes yearly epidemics in the summer as shown [11]. In the northeast of England, a hospital-based study of the epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients over a six-year period showed that HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 epidemics occurred together, but only every 2 years [12]. In tropical countries, there have been fewer studies of HPIV and most of them do not demonstrate a seasonal pattern of HPIV infections [13,14].The purposes of the study were: (1) To determine the rate of HPIV infections among children attended at the Albert Sabin Children's Hospital (HIAS) over six consecutive years; (2) To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these infections; (3) To show the seasonal pattern of HPIV infections and its relation with the rainy season and with periods of activity of other respiratory viruses; and (4) To compare the clinical characteristics of parainfluenza infections with infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza and adenovirus. Material and Methods Site of StudyThis study was conducted at HIAS, a teaching hospital where care is provided to children from low income families living in Fortaleza and other cities in the state of Ceará. The city of Fortaleza is located at sea level, 4 o south of the equator and has a tropical climate characterized by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, that occurs in the first semester of each year, usually from January to June, and the dry season, during the rest of the year. The humidity is high (>70%), and there is little temperature variation throughout the year. During this study, the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in Fortaleza were 21.1 o C and 33.9 o C, respectively. Population of StudyThe patients included in this study were children and teenagers (0 to 16 years old) with acute respiratory symptoms. They were attended at the emergency department, outpatients' clinics and pediatric wards of HIAS from January 2000 to December 2006. Inclusion CriteriaPatients were included in the study if they had one or more of the following symptoms with or without fever (≥37.5 o C): cough, coryza, sore throat, earache, breathing difficulty, stridor and/or wheezing within seven days of onset. Epidemiological and Clinical DataThe guardians a...

show abstract

“…The seasonal patterns are thus consistent with those in England and Wales. The seasonal patterns of RS virus and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 do not appear to be different in USA (Glezen et al 1984; Kim et al 1973;Monto, Bryan & Rhodes, 1974;Monto, 1973) though a study in Michigan (Monto, 1973) stated that parainfluenza type 3 occurred in the autumn. The data provided in this paper, however, suggest that the type 3 virus is indeed a summer virus.…”

Section: Resurgent Epidemicsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Cyclical patterns and predictability in infection

Noah¹

1989

Epidemiol. Infect.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many infections, especially viral infections, show a certain periodicity which can be wholly or partly predictable. It is important to be able to recognize these patterns because anticipating changes in incidence should lead to better diagnosis, treatment and control of infection. In this review patterns of some viral and other infections in England and Wales which have been observed from laboratory reports over a period of 21 years, from 1967 to 1987, are described.

show abstract

Parainfluenza Virus Type 3: Seasonality and Risk of Infection and Reinfection in Young Children

Cited by 215 publications

References 28 publications

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on virus interference

Parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Cyclical patterns and predictability in infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About