Parainfluenza Viruses

Henrickson, Kelly J.

doi:10.1128/cmr.16.2.242-264.2003

Cited by 477 publications

(605 citation statements)

References 361 publications

(361 reference statements)

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“…HPIVs have been underestimated as agents of pediatric ARI although they represent the second most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants after RSV [1]. The rate of detection of HPIV in clinical samples of children included in the present study is within the range of minimum (0.31%) and maximum (13%) rates reported in other studies [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The use of IFA as the single method to identify these infections may have contributed to the low frequency of HPIV infections in this study. Currently available IFA reagents for HPIV in pediatric specimens have shown variable sensitivity (0-100%) [1]. Factors such as specimen types, collection, processing, HPIV types and reagents help explain the reported variability in sensitivities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These three types of HPIV have been more extensively investigated than HPIV-4 [2-4]. All subtypes can cause a full spectrum of respiratory illness, including upper respiratory infections, croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia [1,5]. Seasonal patterns of HPIV infections are distinct among the subtypes and geographic regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4 [1]. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of acute respiratory infections (ARI), including lower respiratory tract infections, in infants and children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Fé¹,

Monteiro²,

Moura³

2008

Braz J Infect Dis

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Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4 [1]. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of acute respiratory infections (ARI), including lower respiratory tract infections, in infants and children. These three types of HPIV have been more extensively investigated than HPIV-4 [2-4]. All subtypes can cause a full spectrum of respiratory illness, including upper respiratory infections, croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia [1,5]. Seasonal patterns of HPIV infections are distinct among the subtypes and geographic regions. In the USA, HPIV-2 can cause yearly outbreaks or biennial epidemics in cocirculation with HPIV-1 during the fall seasons, while HPIV-3 causes yearly spring and summer epidemics [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In England and Wales HPIV-3 causes yearly epidemics in the summer as shown [11]. In the northeast of England, a hospital-based study of the epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients over a six-year period showed that HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 epidemics occurred together, but only every 2 years [12]. In tropical countries, there have been fewer studies of HPIV and most of them do not demonstrate a seasonal pattern of HPIV infections [13,14].The purposes of the study were: (1) To determine the rate of HPIV infections among children attended at the Albert Sabin Children's Hospital (HIAS) over six consecutive years; (2) To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these infections; (3) To show the seasonal pattern of HPIV infections and its relation with the rainy season and with periods of activity of other respiratory viruses; and (4) To compare the clinical characteristics of parainfluenza infections with infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza and adenovirus. Material and Methods Site of StudyThis study was conducted at HIAS, a teaching hospital where care is provided to children from low income families living in Fortaleza and other cities in the state of Ceará. The city of Fortaleza is located at sea level, 4 o south of the equator and has a tropical climate characterized by two distinct seasons: the rainy season, that occurs in the first semester of each year, usually from January to June, and the dry season, during the rest of the year. The humidity is high (>70%), and there is little temperature variation throughout the year. During this study, the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in Fortaleza were 21.1 o C and 33.9 o C, respectively. Population of StudyThe patients included in this study were children and teenagers (0 to 16 years old) with acute respiratory symptoms. They were attended at the emergency department, outpatients' clinics and pediatric wards of HIAS from January 2000 to December 2006. Inclusion CriteriaPatients were included in the study if they had one or more of the following symptoms with or without fever (≥37.5 o C): cough, coryza, sore throat, earache, breathing difficulty, stridor and/or wheezing within seven days of onset. Epidemiological and Clinical DataThe guardians a...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parainfluenza virus infections in a tropical city: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Fé¹,

Monteiro²,

Moura³

2008

Braz J Infect Dis

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“…Human parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, 3, and 4 are distinguished by their clinical and epidemiological characteristics (22). In this report HPIV has been detected in 6.6% of the children examined.…”

Section: Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among children under 5 years of age in Bulgaria, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons

Georgieva¹,

Angelova²,

Korsun³

2015

TJS

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PURPOSE: A wide range of different viruses cause respiratory tract diseases of varying severity. This study aims to determinate the contribution of nine different viral pathogens in cases of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children aged less than 5 years, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 winter seasons in Bulgaria. METHODS: A total of 412 nasopharyngeal swabs of children under the age of 5 were tested. Children were either outpatient, or hospitalized for influenza-like illness. The clinical samples were tested for Orthomyxoviruses (influenza A/B), Paramyxoviruses (respiratory-syncytial virus -RSV; human metapneumovirus -HMPV; human parainfluenza viruses -HPIV, type 1/2/3) and human rhinoviruses (HRV) using Real Time RT-PCR reactions based on specific primers/probe. RESULTS: Virus infections were confirmed in 258 (62.6%) samples. In 107 (26%) of samples influenza viruses were detected. All of the 306 influenza virus negative patients were analyzed for Paramyxo-and Rhinoviruses. Detection rate for RSV, HMPV, HPIV1/2/3 and HRV was 19%, 5.9%, 2%, 1.3%, 3.3% and 14.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first one in Bulgaria which analyzes the participation of nine different viral pathogens in the etiology of ARI among children below the age of 5 years. The study reveals the leading role of influenza viruses, RSV and rhinoviruses in the development of serious respiratory diseases in early childhood.

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