Parallels in the behavior of schizophrenics, paretics, and pre-senile non-psychotics.

Magaret, Ann

doi:10.1037/h0063278

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Psychological studies of patients with general paresis have been fairly frequent in the past decade and have provided suggestive findings. Studies with the Wechsler-Bellevue scale (88,195) as well as with the CVS abridgement (198) have suggested the usefulness of these tests in delineating the intellectual performance of paretics. While there were individual differences in the degree of impairment on the various subtests, the general findings suggested lowered concentration ability, greater difficulty in new learning, verbal comprehension, and concept formation in the case of the paretic group.…”

Section: Organic Psychoses and De-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

Klebanoff¹,

Singer²,

Wilensky³

1954

Psychological Bulletin

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Section: Organic Psychoses and De-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

Klebanoff¹,

Singer²,

Wilensky³

1954

Psychological Bulletin

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“…The significant finding is that as people grow older they approach the schizophrenic pattern more closely in the age range fifteen to fifty-five years. Magaret (41), however, warned against the incautious use of psychometric test pattern even tho some of the Wechsler tests are sensitive to increasing age, and (42) reiterated this caution. Brody (10) made a quantitative appraisal of test scatter in relation to dementia and (11) concluded that in "normal senility, although cognitive deterioration may be as severe as in dementia, the affective conative deterioration is proportionately much less.…”

Section: Goldstein and Scheerer (22) Described And Gave The Basis Formentioning

confidence: 96%

Chapter VII: Intellectual Changes During Maturity and Old Age

Lorge¹

1944

Review of Educational Research

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SINCE THE LAST REVIEW of this topic, most of the references in this area of study have been concerned with the results of intelligence tests in psychosis. Generally, the estimation of intellectual deterioration in abnormal states implies a correction for changes in score and in quality of intellectual performance as a function of age. The accumulation of evidence concerning intellectual changes in maturity and old age definitely indicates that as people grow older their test performances change. It is clear that intellectual changes as a function of age create problems concerning the interpretation of adult scores and adult intelligence quotients; the relationship of previous education, experiences, and skills to measurement of adult intelligence; the factorial composition of adult intelligence tests; the relationship of intelligence test scores in childhood and youth to such measures in adult populations; and the standardization and norming of adult intelligence tests. Perhaps the most significant new development is the demonstration that qualitative aspect of intellectual performance is fully as important as quantitative variations. ReviewsThe most significant review of the field is that of Brody (9) who reviewed some 230 references on intellectual change in normal and psychotic adult populations. Cattell (14) listed forty-four available adult intelligence tests indicating the technical handicaps in the estimation of adult intelligence and suggesting the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence where fluid refers to relations between both new and old fundaments and crystallized to habitual responses. Miles (44) and Miles and Miles (45) gave a provocative survey of the psychology of the aging process. Bijou (7) reviewed nineteen references on the usefulness of the concept of test pattern, and Buxton (13) reviewed the status of research in reminiscence (improvement in recall without practice after original learning) indicating that no reliable evidence exists that reminiscence is related to age, sex, or intelligence of' the learner. Wechsler and the related discussion by Shakow (60) implied that intellectual changes parallel physical changes albeit the components used to measure intellectual changes decline at different rates, but that drive, persistence, and experience are significant aspects of intellectual performance.

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“…The theoretical significance of such patterns, of course, must follow from a set of hypotheses concerning the functions involved in the various subtests. Some such hypotheses have been referred to in a paper on which one of the authors (9,10), in her most recent papers, used "deviation scores" which are similar to our "mean scatter. "* Her results are in agreement with ours in that they show schizophrenics to have much greater dispersal from their average subtest score than have the normals.…”

Section: Specific Scattermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Scatter: In Diagnostic Intelligence Testing

Schafer

Rapaport

1944

Journal of Personality

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It has long been tacitly assumed that a psychologically meaningful interpretation of intelligence-test results depends on presupposing some sort of "uniform development" of the different functions involved in the passing of the various test items. An unevenness of functioning, as indicated by the test, then becomes the basis for interpreting the test results as indicating "retardation," "impairment," or "deterioration." Unfortunately, the test most widely used clinically-the Stanford-Binet-is a test which hardly lends itself to such treatment because of the great variety of tasks included in it without regard to their psychological significance. Attempts may be made, as for instance the recent one by Roe and Shakow (1), to give structure to the test by a logical grouping of the items into categories according to their psychological meaning. The results reached by the excellent and meticulous treatment of Roe and Shakow are based in large part on these particular groupings of varied items, and other investigator* with different experience and ideas might well be unsatisfied with some of the groupings.Clinical psychologists who used the test, and were interested in the problem of equal and unequal efficiency pf the functions involved in the solving of different items of the test, were forced to turn to the analysis of "passes" and "failures" on each year level as the basis for clinical inferences. This distribution of "passes" and "failures" was referred to as scatter or range, and various measures were devised to indicate the extent of scatter. Harris and Shakow •The data referred to in this paper are part of the results of an extensive investigation evaluating a wide variety of clinical testing procedures. This investigation was sponsored jointly by the Josiah Macy Junior Foundation and the Menninger Foundation.Dr. Merton M. Gill, psychiatrist at the Menninger Clinic, is responsible for the final classification of cases used in this study, and also for the psychiatric examination and classification of our control subjects. Acknowledgment is also due Miss Suzanne Reichard, M.A., who assisted in the collection and organization of the data for this research.

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Parallels in the behavior of schizophrenics, paretics, and pre-senile non-psychotics.

Cited by 48 publications

References 4 publications

Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

Psychological consequences of brain lesions and ablations.

Chapter VII: Intellectual Changes During Maturity and Old Age

The Scatter: In Diagnostic Intelligence Testing

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