Paralytic toxicity in the ribbon worm Cephalothrix species (Nemertea) in Hiroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and the isolation of tetrodotoxin as a main component of its toxins

Asakawa, Manabu; Toyoshima, Tadayoshi; Ito, Katsutoshi; Bessho, Kentaro; Yamaguchi, Chisato; Tsunetsugu, Shogo; Shida, Yasuo; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Mawatari, Shunsuke F.; Noguchi, Tamao; Miyazawa, Keiji

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00009-6

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The total ion chromatogram (TIC) and the fragment ion chromatogram (FIC) were selectively monitored. The TMS derivative of 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinazoline (C9 base), prepared using gastropods and ribbon worms from Hiroshima Bay by the procedure described previously, was analyzed by GC-MS [18,38,39]. Recently, the isolation and characterization of bacteria from the copepod Pseudocaligus fugu ectoparasitie on the panther puffer Takifugu pardalis with an emphasis on TTX was reported [40].…”

Section: Mass Spectrometry 41 Gas-chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a typical 1 H-NMR analysis, 5 mg of TTX crystals have been dissolved in 0.5 ml of 1% CD3COOD in D2O, and placed in a test tube. Figure 18 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum obtained with a 500 MHz JEOL JNM-500 spectrometer, using the methyl group protons of acetone as the internal standard [39]. The 1 H-NMR spectrum exhibited a singlet at 2.20 ppm (CH3COCH3), a doublet centered at 2.33 ppm (J =10.0 Hz), a large proton peak at 4.76 ppm (HDO) and a doublet centered at 5.48 ppm (J=10.0 Hz).…”

Section: Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-nmr) Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumental Analysis of Tetrodotoxin

Asakawa¹,

Shida²,

Miyazawa³

et al. 2012

Chromatography - The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

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Section: Mass Spectrometry 41 Gas-chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-nmr) Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental Analysis of Tetrodotoxin

Asakawa¹,

Shida²,

Miyazawa³

et al. 2012

Chromatography - The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

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“…However, it is the mucus that covers the epidermis of nemerteans that appears to be the most conspicuous source of chemistry of these animals. Early indications of the bioactivity of the mucus have been attributed to the presence of low molecular weight toxins, including pyridyl alkaloids such as anabaseine 3 , and tetrodotoxin 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptide ion channel toxins from the bootlace worm, the longest animal on Earth

Jacobsson

Andersson

Strand

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Polypeptides from animal venoms have found important uses as drugs, pharmacological tools, and within biotechnological and agricultural applications. We here report a novel family of cystine knot peptides from nemertean worms, with potent activity on voltage-gated sodium channels. These toxins, named the α-nemertides, were discovered in the epidermal mucus of Lineus longissimus, the ‘bootlace worm’ known as the longest animal on earth. The most abundant peptide, the 31-residue long α-1, was isolated, synthesized, and its 3D NMR structure determined. Transcriptome analysis including 17 species revealed eight α-nemertides, mainly distributed in the genus Lineus. α-1 caused paralysis and death in green crabs (Carcinus maenas) at 1 µg/kg (~300 pmol/kg). It showed profound effect on invertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels (e.g. Blattella germanica Nav1) at low nanomolar concentrations. Strong selectivity for insect over human sodium channels indicates that α-nemertides can be promising candidates for development of bioinsecticidal agents.

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“…4 Iwata (1954a). The species possesses strong toxicity due to a high concentration of tetrodotoxin and/or related chemicals (Ali et al, 1990;Asakawa et al, 2000Asakawa et al, , 2003. Possible nominal species contained in this taxon include Procephalothrix fasciculus Iwata, 1952 and Procephalothrix arenaria Gibson, 1990.…”

Section: Records For Which Application Of the Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%