“…This feature makes PSO suitable for functions where the gradient is either unavailable or computationally expensive. Moreover, PSO is easy to implement, has a high efficiency (Shi & Eberhart, 1998), and can be easily applied to a wide range of applications (Aghdam, Mirzaee, Pourmahmood, & Aghababa, in press;Conforth & Meng, 2010;Liu, Yang, & Wang, 2010;Nabizadeh, Faez, Tavassoli, & Rezvanian, 2010;Nabizadeh, Rezvanian, & Meybodi, 2012;Nickabadi et al, 2012;Norouzzadeh, Ahmadzadeh, & Palhang, 2012;Rezaee Jordehi & Jasni, 2013;Soleimani-Pouri et al, 2012;Yazdani, Nasiri, Sepas-Moghaddam, & Meybodi, 2013). There exist various studies that have combined good characteristics of PSO with other optimisation techniques (Gogna & Tayal, 2013).…”