Parameters and functional analysis of the deep epaxial muscles in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the equine spine

Abstract

The epaxial muscles produce intervertebral rotation in the transverse, vertical and axial axes. These muscles also counteract the movements induced by gravitational and inertial forces and movements produced by antagonistic muscles and the intrinsic muscles of the pelvic limb. Their fascicles are innervated by the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve, which corresponds to the metamere of its cranial insertion in the spinous process. The structure allows the function of the muscles to be predicted: those with long and parallel fibres have a shortening function, whereas the muscles with short and oblique fibres have an antigravity action. In the horse, the multifidus muscle of the thoracolumbar region extends in multiple segments of two to eight vertebral motion segments (VMS). Functionally, the multifidus muscle is considered a spine stabiliser, maintaining VMS neutrality during spine rotations. However, there is evidence of the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus muscle, depending on the VMS considered, related to the complex control of the required neuromuscular activity. Osteoarticular lesions of the spine have been directly related to asymmetries of the multifidus muscle. The lateral (LDSM) and medial (MDSM) dorsal sacrocaudal muscles may be included in the multifidus complex, the function of which is also unclear in the lumbosacral region. The functional parameters of maximum force (F ), maximum velocity of contraction (V ) and joint moment (M) of the multifidus muscles inserted in the 4th, 9th, 12th and 17th thoracic and 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae of six horses were studied postmortem (for example: 4MT4 indicates the multifidus muscle that crosses four metameres with cranial insertion in the T4 vertebra). Furthermore, the structural and functional characteristics of LDSM and MDSM were determined. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (anova) in a randomised complete block design (P ≤ 0.05). For some muscles, the ordering of V values was almost opposite to that of F values, generally indicating antigravity or dynamic functions, depending on the muscle and VMS. The muscles 3MT12, 3ML3 and 4ML4 exhibited high F and low V values, indicating a stabilising action. The very long 7MT4 and 8MT4 multifidus had low F and high V values, suggesting a shortening action. However, some functional characteristics of interest did not fall within these general observations, also indicating a dual action. In summary, the results of the analysis of various structural and functional parameters confirm the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus complex, depending on the VMS, regardless of the number of metameres crossing each fascicle. To clarify the functions of the equine multifidus muscle complex, this study aimed to assess its functional parameters in thoracolumbar VMSs with different movement characteristics and in the MDSM and LDSM muscles, hypothesising that the functional parameters vary significantly when the VMS is considered.

Results of a pilot study using serial ultrasonographic measurements of multifidus muscle in horses undergoing rehabilitation after medical or surgical treatment for overriding dorsal spinous processes

“…The multifidus muscle is known to play a major role in intervertebral stabilisation and proprioceptive adjustment of the spine (Denoix and Dyson 2011, Hideset al 1996, Roethlisberger Holm et al 2006, Stubbs et al 2006). This muscle is a major stabiliser of the quadruped spine (García Liñeiro et al 2017and 2018, Kaigle et al 1995 and its anatomy and function are comparable to that of man (Rombach et al 2014, Stubbs et al 2006. Back pain causes dysfunction of the multifidus, leading to atrophy ipsilateral to the site of pain and thus asymmetry of the muscles in man (Hides et al 1996) and horses (Stubbs et al 2011).…”