Parametric intermode scattering in planar LiNbO_3 waveguides

Comparison between the Performance of and Rotated Optical Axis Waveguides

“…Since then, over the last two decades, integrated optics researchers have widely investigated and exploited this material as an ideal substrate of waveguiding structures [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The LiNbO 3 technology was rapidly used in more fields of applied research, allowing the construction of many high performance passive and semi-active devices.…”

“…which are employed in the fabrication of modulators, sensors, directional couplers, spectrum analyzers, filters, polarization converters, switches, and so on. The first successful applications in the nonlinear optics [2] and laser emission [3] have produced a new growing interest for this excellent material and have reencouraged the theoretical analysis of electromagnetic propagation in typical Ti:LiNbO 3 and H:LiNbO 3 waveguiding structures [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…Other interesting applications of planar multimode LiNbO 3 waveguides regard the parametric intermode scattering [7]. In fact, light causes a refractive index change in planar lithium niobate waveguides, via the photorefractive effect.…”

“…Phase conjugation, in a multimode waveguiding structure, can involve both guided and leaky modes. Recently, both pump and scattered waves having leaky behaviour have been observed in third order interactions, in both X and Y-cut LiNbO 3 :Ti:Fe waveguides, where the iron diffusion allows the enhancement of the photorefractive effect [7].…”

Photorefractive Waveguides

“…For application of the photorefractive effect, waveguides fabricated by combined titanium and iron or copper diffusion, respectively, have shown considerably improved holographic sensitivity [34,35].…”