Parametric study of forced air cooling strategy for lithium-ion battery pack with staggered arrangement

Zhao, Lu; Yu, Xiaoling; Wei, Lichuan; Qiu, Yalin; Zhang, Liyu; Meng, Xiangzhao; Jin, Liwen

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.080

Cited by 152 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…They compared their results with a unidirectional system and found a remarkable improvement in the proposed model. Lu et al [13] designed a 3D model of the staggered battery pack to study the effect of spacing between the channels and airflow rate on the thermal performance of the battery. They found that the maximum cooling efficiency can be achieved when the airflow inlet or outlet is kept at the top of the battery.…”

Section: Air Cooled Btmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nusselt number analysis from a battery pack cooled by different fluids and multiple back-propagation modelling using feed-forward networks

Mokashi

Afzal

Khan

et al. 2021

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

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In this article, analysis of average Nusselt number (Nu avg), which indicates the heat removal from the battery pack cooled by flowing fluid is carried out considering coupled heat transfer condition at the pack and coolant interface. Five categories of coolant, mainly gases, common oils, thermal oils, nanofluids, and liquid metals, are selected. In each coolant category, five fluids (having different Prandtl number Pr) are selected and passed over the Li-ion battery pack. The analysis is made for different conductivity ratio (Cr), heat generation term (Q gen), Reynolds number (Re), and Pr. Pr varying in the range 0.0208-511.5 (25 coolants) and Cr for each category of coolant having its own upper and lower limit are used to analyze the heat removed from the battery pack. Using single feed-forward network and integrating two feed-forward networks having multi-layers with backpropagation is employed for artificial neural network (ANN) modelling. In this modelling, the concept of the main network and space network is devised for multiple back propagation (MBP). The numerical analysis revealed that the temperature distribution in battery and fluid is greatly affected by increasing Cr. The maximum temperature located close to the upper edge of battery is found to get reduced significantly with the increase of Cr, but upto a certain limit above which reduction is marginal. The analysis carried out reveals that Cr and Q gen have no role in improving Nu avg while Pr and Re vary it significantly in each step. Moreover, Nu avg is found to increase with Re continuously irrespective of any Cr and Q gen. While, for oils with an increase in Pr and Re, Nu avg was found to reduce significantly. Nanofluids are found to be more effective in improving heat transfer from the battery pack when cooled by flowing nano-coolants over it. The MBP networks proposed are successfully trained, and hence they can be used for prediction of Nu avg .

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Section: Air Cooled Btmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nusselt number analysis from a battery pack cooled by different fluids and multiple back-propagation modelling using feed-forward networks

Mokashi

Afzal

Khan

et al. 2021

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

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“…Comparing with Figure 9a and Figure 9b, the cooling energy efficiency parameter (β) is close for 1C discharge rate for the inlet coolant temperatures of 5 • C and 15 • C, respectively, for the surface area coverage ratio (α) parameter varying from 0.298 to 0.750. As shown in the Figure 9a, the lowest cooling energy efficiency parameter (β) is above 43900 for the surface area coverage ratio (α) parameter of 0.298 and the inlet coolant temperature of 35 • C. This value is significant based on the definition of an energy efficiency parameter [25]. Therefore, it can be concluded that for the inlet coolant temperature of 5 • C and the surface area coverage ratio (α) parameter of 0.750, the 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates on both sides shows an excellent cooling effectiveness because of heat removal capacity of the lower inlet coolant temperature and lower power consumption for supplying the coolant at high surface area coverage ratio (α) parameter.…”

Section: Cooling Energy Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…As shown in the Figure 8a, the lowest energy efficiency parameter (β) is above 54,000 for the inlet coolant temperature of 35 • C and the inlet coolant mass flow rate of 0.003333 kg/s. This value is significant based on the definition of an energy efficiency parameter [25]. Therefore, it can be concluded that for the inlet coolant temperature of 5 • C and the inlet coolant mass flow rate of 0.000833 kg/s, the 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates on both sides shows excellent cooling effectiveness.…”

Section: Cooling Energy Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooling Performance Characteristics of 20 Ah Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell with Cold Plates along Both Surfaces

et al. 2018

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Temperature control of the lithium-ion pouch cells is crucial for smooth operation, longevity and enhanced safety in the battery-operated electric vehicles. Investigating the thermal behavior of lithium-ion pouch cells and optimizing the cooling performance are required to accomplish better performance, long life, and enhanced safety. In the present study, the cooling performance characteristics of 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates along both surfaces are investigated by varying the inlet coolant mass flow rates and the inlet coolant temperatures. The inlet coolant mass flow rate is varied from 0.000833 kg/s to 0.003333 kg/s, and the inlet coolant temperature is varied from 5 °C to 35 °C. In addition, the effects of the cold plate geometry parameter on cooling performance of 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell are studied by varying the number of the channels from 4 to 10. The maximum temperature and difference between the maximum and the minimum temperatures are considered as important criteria for cooling performance evaluation of the 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates along both surfaces. The cooling energy efficiency parameter (β) and the pressure drop for 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates along both surfaces are also reported. The study shows that enhanced cooling energy efficiency is accompanied with low inlet coolant temperature, low inlet coolant mass flow rate, and a high number of the cooling channels. As a result, the temperature distribution, the pressure drop, and the cooling energy efficiency parameter (β) of the 20 Ah lithium-ion pouch cell with cold plates along both surfaces are provided, and could be applied for optimizing the cooling performances of the thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.

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“…Air cooling is one of the most commonly adopted approaches used in electronics cooling and battery pack cooling in electric vehicles. It has been well commercialized and extensively studied in literature due to the easy access of the air and the simple structure of the system, and the research on air‐based BTMSs mainly falls into two categories, the optimizations of battery layout and flow path 17‐24 . For example, cylindrical Li‐ion battery pack with aligned and staggered cell arrangements has been numerically studied, in which the results showed that the aligned cell arrangement excels, with having higher cooling index and lower power consumption than the staggered layout 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of a direct evaporative cooling approach for Li‐ion battery thermal management

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2020

Int J Energy Res

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Summary A desirable operating temperature range and small temperature gradient is beneficial to the safety and longevity of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries, and battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) play a critical role in achieving the temperature control. Having the advantages of direct access and low viscosity, air is widely used as a cooling medium in BTMSs. In this paper, an air‐based BTMS is modified by integrating a direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system, which helps reduce the inlet air temperature for enhanced heat dissipation. Experiments are carried out on 18650‐type batteries and a 9‐cell battery pack to study how relative humidity and air flow rate affect the DEC system. The maximum temperatures, temperature differences, and capacity fading of batteries are compared between three cooling conditions, which include the proposed DEC, air cooling, and natural convection cooling. In addition, a DEC tunnel that can produce reciprocating air flow is assembled to further reduce the maximum temperature and temperature difference inside the battery pack. It is demonstrated that the proposed DEC system can expand the usage of Li‐ion batteries in more adverse and intensive operating conditions.

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Parametric study of forced air cooling strategy for lithium-ion battery pack with staggered arrangement

Cited by 152 publications

References 22 publications

Nusselt number analysis from a battery pack cooled by different fluids and multiple back-propagation modelling using feed-forward networks

Nusselt number analysis from a battery pack cooled by different fluids and multiple back-propagation modelling using feed-forward networks

Cooling Performance Characteristics of 20 Ah Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell with Cold Plates along Both Surfaces

Experimental study of a direct evaporative cooling approach for Li‐ion battery thermal management

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