Parapoxvirus infection in Norwegian semi‐domesticated reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>)

Tryland, Morten; Oksanen, Antti; Aschfalk, A.; Josefsen, Terje D.

doi:10.1136/vr.149.13.394

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The same primer pair had been used successfully to amplify a specific fragment (594 bp) from clinical samples for the diagnosis of parapoxvirus infection in reindeer (Tryland et al, 2001). It may not be always possible to obtain specific amplification from clinical samples using this primer pair, but use of semi-nested primers ensured the detection of parapoxvirus in our samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Detection of Orf Virus from an Outbreak in Goats and Its Genetic Relation with Other Parapoxviruses

et al. 2006

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Detection of Orf Virus from an Outbreak in Goats and Its Genetic Relation with Other Parapoxviruses

et al. 2006

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“…However, gathering animals in dense settings over an extended period also facilitates the spread of infectious agents, both by inducing stress and by immunosuppression, but also by facilitating the horizontal transmission of infectious agents (4,25,33). Given the endemic status of CvHV2 in reindeer and its ability to establish latency and lifelong infections, it will be impossible to eradicate the virus from the reindeer population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervid Herpesvirus 2, the Primary Agent in an Outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Semidomesticated Reindeer

et al. 2009

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An outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) occurred in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Troms County, Norway, in February 2009. Twenty-eight animals with clinical symptoms and 12 apparently healthy animals were investigated. They ranged in age from calves of the year to 4-year-old animals (mean, 1.9 years; standard deviation, ؎0.9). The seroprevalence of antibodies against cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) was 86% in animals with IKC and 42% in unaffected animals. For the 28 clinically affected animals, CvHV2 was detected by PCR in swabs obtained from the eye (82%), nose (64%), and vagina (24%), and CvHV2 was isolated from eye swabs from 8 animals. Virus was not isolated from clinically unaffected animals but was detected by PCR in eye swab samples from five of them. The viral activity, assessed by the ability to cause a cytopathic effect in cell culture, increased with the severity of clinical symptoms, but in severe clinical cases, virus was absent and secondary bacterial infections were dominant. Moraxella sp. isolates were obtained from seven animals, and those from two animals were identified as Moraxella bovoculi. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes were also isolated. It is concluded that CvHV2, which is endemic in reindeer, can cause IKC, probably most commonly as a primary infection of calves. This can be a very painful and devastating disease of economic importance for reindeer herders. This is the first report of CvHV2 as the primary agent of IKC in reindeer. This is also the first isolation of this virus in reindeer under natural herding conditions.

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“…Parapoxviruses (family Poxviridae) cause contagious ecthyma in sheep, goats and other species, including reindeer. A severe outbreak of contagious ecthyma occurred in reindeer in Norway in spring 2000 (Tryland et al, 2001). Outbreaks have also occurred in Finland since the winter 1992-93 (Oksanen & Norberg, 1994;Tikkanen et al, 2004), and reindeer with clinical symptoms similar to contagious ecthyma have previously been observed in Sweden (Norkvist et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evidence of parapox-, alphaherpes- and pestivirus infections in carcasses of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Finnmark, Norway

Tryland

Mørk

Ryeng

et al. 2005

Ran

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During March to May 2000, 48 carcasses of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were collected on winter pastures and calving grounds from two herds in western Finnmark and two herds in eastern Finnmark, northern Norway. The animals were autopsied and blood and tissue samples were collected for serology (alphaherpes- and pestivirus; virus neutralization test) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR; parapoxvirus; B2L gene) investigations. Autopsy revealed that 39 of 48 animals (81%) had died of emaciation. Parapoxvirus-specific DNA was detected in samples from 6 of 48 animals (12.5%; liver, parotid salivary gland and/or pulmonary lymph nodes). A DNA sequence of 376 base pairs from a PCR amplicon obtained from a liver sample from one animal showed 98-99% identity with orf virus strain Orf-11 and reindeer parapoxvirus isolates from Norway and Finland (1992 and 1994), 92-93% similarity with pseudocowpoxvirus and 87% similarity with bovine papular stomatitis virus. Alphaherpes- and pestivirus antibodies were detected in 10% and 33% of the animals, respectively. These results indicates that parapoxvirus, presumably orf-virus, is present among reindeer also in Finnmark, although contagious ecthyma has never been reported in reindeer in this important reindeer herding area. Furthermore, they show that herpes- and pestiviruses are still endemic in reindeer herds in Finnmark. The nature of these viruses and their impact on reindeer health and reproduction and reindeer herding economy should be further addressed, as well as the possibility that these viruses may be transferred between reindeer and domestic animals in this region.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: I løpet av perioden mars-mai 2000 ble 48 reinsdyrkadavre (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) samlet inn fra vinterbeiter og kalvingsområder fra to flokker i Vest-Finnmark og to i Øst-Finnmark, Norge. Dyrene ble obdusert, og blod og vevsprøver ble samlet for påvisning av antistoffer mot alfaherpes- og pestivirus i blod(serologi) og tilstedeværelse av parapoxvirus-DNA i vev (Polymerase kjedereaksjon, PCR; parapoxvirus B2L genet). Obduksjonen viste at 39 av de 48 dyrene (81%) hadde dødd av avmagring. Parapoxvirus-spesifikt DNA ble funnet i prøver av lever, spyttkjertel (Gl. parotis) og/eller lungelymfeknuter fra 6 av de 48 dyrene (12,5%). En DNA sekvens på 376 basepar fra PCR-oppformeringsproduktet fra en leverprøve hadde 98-99% likhet med orf-virus (Orf-11) og parapoxvirus isolert fra reinsdyr i Norge og Finland (1992 og 1994), 92-93% likhet med pseudocowpoxvirus og 87% likhet med bovint papulær stomatittvirus, hvorav de to siste parapoxvirusartene er assosiert med storfé. Disse resultatene viser at også reinsdyr i Finnmark er infisert av parapoxvirus, til tross for at sykdommen munnskurv ikke ennå er rapportert hos rein i dette fylket. Alfaherpes- og pestivirus antistoffer ble funnet hos henholdsvis 10% og 33% av dyrene. Dette er i samsvar med tidligere funn ...

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Parapoxvirus infection in Norwegian semi‐domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Cited by 33 publications

References 7 publications

Detection of Orf Virus from an Outbreak in Goats and Its Genetic Relation with Other Parapoxviruses

Detection of Orf Virus from an Outbreak in Goats and Its Genetic Relation with Other Parapoxviruses

Cervid Herpesvirus 2, the Primary Agent in an Outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Semidomesticated Reindeer

Evidence of parapox-, alphaherpes- and pestivirus infections in carcasses of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Finnmark, Norway

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