Parasympathetic Stimulation Via the Vagus Nerve Prevents Systemic Organ Dysfunction by Abrogating Gut Injury and Lymph Toxicity in Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock

Abstract

JW: Pretreatment with high-fat enteral nutrition reduces endotoxin and TNF-a and preserves gut barrier function early after hemorrhagic shock. Shock 21(1):65Y71, 2004. 6. Luyer MD, Buurman WA, Hadfoune M, Wolfs T, van't Veer C, Jacobs JA, Dejong CH, Greve JW: Exposure to bacterial DNA before hemorrhagic shock strongly aggravates systemic inflammation and gut barrier loss via an IFNgammaYdependent route. Ann Surg 245(5):795Y802, 2007. 7. Lubbers T, Luyer MD, de Haan JJ, Hadfoune M, Buurman WA, Greve JW: Lipid-rich enteral nutrition reduces postoperative ileus in rats via activation of

Targeting neuroinflammation as a preventive and therapeutic approach for perioperative neurocognitive disorders

“…A previous study demonstrated that activation of ɑ7nAChR could improve POCD via vagal anti-inflammatory reflex [ 65 ]. It was also reported that the vagal anti-inflammatory reflex could be activated by enteral administration of boluses of lipid and protein enriched nutrition [ 66 , 67 ]. These nutrients were capable of stimulating cholecystokinin (CCK)-mediated CCK-1 receptor in the gut to activate the vagal afferent nerves and subsequently inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release via nicotinergic acetylcholine receptors [ 67 , 68 ].…”

Distribution and chemical coding patterns of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons in the enteric nervous system of the porcine stomach cardia

“…CART was also described within the enteric nervous system (ENS), which, apart from extrinsic sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract , Luyer et al 2013, plays a crucial role in the control of all intestinal functions. The ENS comprises of millions of neurons, and its construction depends on the segment of GI tract and animal species.…”

Enteral enriched nutrition to prevent cognitive dysfunction after surgery; a study in rats

“…The vagal anti-inflammatory reflex ( Tracey, 2002 , 2007 ) contributes to the regulation (inhibition/termination) of inflammatory responses. In different animal models ( de Haan et al., 2010a , de Haan et al., 2010b ; de Haan et al., 2010a , de Haan et al., 2010b ; de Haan et al., 2013 ; Lubbers et al., 2010a , Lubbers et al., 2010b , Lubbers et al., 2010c ; Lubbers et al., 2010a , Lubbers et al., 2010b , Lubbers et al., 2010c ; Luyer et al., 2013 ), activation of this reflex by lipid-enriched nutrition inhibited the response on inflammatory stimuli. These effects were abrogated by vagotomy, CCK-1 receptor antagonists or nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor antagonists ( Lubbers et al., 2010 ; Matteoli and Boeckxstaens, 2013 ).…”

“…These nutrients stimulated cholecystokinin (CCK)-mediated CCK-1 receptors in the gut, thereby activating the afferent vagal nerves. Consequently, vagal efferent nerves in the central nervous system are stimulated, resulting in inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines via nicotinergic acetylcholine receptors ( de Haan et al., 2010 ; de Haan et al., 2010a , de Haan et al., 2010b ; de Haan et al., 2014 ; Lubbers et al., 2010a , Lubbers et al., 2010b , Lubbers et al., 2010c ; Luyer et al., 2013 ). In mice, lipid-rich nutrition before Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration attenuated the inflammatory response and intestinal damage through the nutritional vagal anti-inflammatory pathway ( Lubbers et al., 2010 ).…”