Parboiled Germinated Brown Rice Decreases Inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Various Regions of Brain in Rats Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

Abstract

Parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) from the Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) Thai rice strain is well-known for its nutrients and bioactive compounds. This research was conducted to determine the protective effect of PGBR on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced brain inflammation. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (I) control group (basal diet); (II) CCl4 group (basal diet); (III) white rice + CCl4 group; (IV) brown rice + CCl4 group, and (V) PGBR + CCl4 group. PGBR, brown rice and white rice diets were produced by replacing cornstarch in basal diet with cooked PGBR, brown rice, and white rice, respectively. Twice weekly, each rat was orally administrated with 1 mL/kg of CCl4 in olive oil (1:1, v/v). After eight weeks, all rats were subjected to carbon dioxide euthanasia. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were dissected and homogenised to evaluate the levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). It was observed that the administration of CCl4 induced the elevation of the TNF-α and IL-1β levels in all brain tissues, as well as the blood ammonia and serum liver functions also rose. However, there was a significant reduction in the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in the PGBR + CCl4 group compared to the CCl4 group (P<0.05), whereas the blood ammonia and serum liver functions were also decreased. These findings suggest that regular consumption of PGBR may prevent CCl4-induced brain inflammation.

High-Fat Diet Decreases Serum TNF-Alpha and Breast Tumor Area on Benzopyrene Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)

“…The study was conducted at the Embryology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga within a period of 5 months (July to November 2019). Experimental animals were placed at room temperature 25 ± 2°C with a humidity of 50-60% and the lighting was regulated by a light-dark cycle with the regulation of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness (Anandakumar et al, 2009;Gao et al, 2011;Santos et al, 2019;Pinthong and Suanarunsawat, 2020;Wunjuntuk et al, 2020). Mice cages measuring 30x45x20 cm, made of plastic covered with gauze equipped with a place to eat and drink bottles, each cage is filled with 1 group (6 mice).…”