Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment

Clark, Robert C.

doi:10.1037/t07207-000

Cited by 147 publications

(189 citation statements)

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“…Each dyad was videotaped for about twenty minutes in a semi-structured free-play session using a standard set of age-appropriate toys. The set of toys was adapted from the free-play segment of the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA; Clark, 1985) including e.g. toy telephones, a baby doll, a teddy bear, some building blocks, a ball and a couple of picture books.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal verbal responsiveness and directiveness: consistency, stability, and relations to child early linguistic development

Paavola-Ruotsalainen

Lehtosaari²,

Palomäki

et al. 2017

J. Child Lang.

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Maternal responsive and directive speech to children at 0;10 and 2;0 was investigated by applying a procedure first introduced by Flynn and Masur (2007) to a new language community (Finnish). The issues examined were consistency and stability over time and also the role of responsiveness and directiveness in child linguistic development at 1;0 and 2;6. The measures of maternal speech from each age were used to predict the results of the subsequent linguistic assessment. Negative correlations between responsive and directive utterances were found at both ages. The frequencies of responsive utterances and supportive directives increased over time. Responsiveness was positively and intrusive directiveness negatively related to child early comprehensive skills and the use of symbolic actions and communicative gestures. By contrast, no relations were found between responsiveness and directiveness and children's later linguistic capacities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal verbal responsiveness and directiveness: consistency, stability, and relations to child early linguistic development

Paavola-Ruotsalainen

Lehtosaari²,

Palomäki

et al. 2017

J. Child Lang.

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“…46 The PCERA is an observational coding system that has been used with preterm infants. 47 Variables are coded on a scale of 1 (negative quality) to 5 (positive quality).…”

Section: Maternal Grief Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Resolution of Grief After Preterm Birth: Implications for Infant Attachment Security

Shah

Clements²,

Poehlmann

2011

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:For mothers of children with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, such as epilepsy or cerebral palsy, a history of maternal unresolved grief regarding the child's diagnosis has been associated with insecure infantmother attachment. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Unresolved grief related to a preterm birth is associated with the development of insecure infantmother attachment. Mothers with resolved grief after preterm birth are 2.9 times as likely to have securely attached infants, compared with mothers with unresolved grief. abstract OBJECTIVE: This study explored the association between mothers' unresolved grief regarding their infant's preterm birth and infant-mother attachment security. We hypothesized that mothers with unresolved grief would be more likely to have insecurely attached infants at 16 months and that this association would be partially mediated by maternal interaction quality. METHODS:This longitudinal study focused on 74 preterm infants (age of Ͻ36 weeks) and their mothers who were part of a larger study of high-risk infants. The present analysis included assessment of neonatal and socioeconomic risks at NICU discharge; maternal depression, Reaction to Preterm Birth Interview findings, and quality of parenting at a postterm age of 9 months; and infant-mother attachment at postterm age of 16 months. Associations among findings of grief resolution with the Reaction to Preterm Birth Interview, quality of parenting interactions, and attachment security were explored by using relative risk ratios and logistic and multivariate regression models. RESULTS:The relative risk of developing insecure attachment when mothers had unresolved grief was 1.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-2.44). Controlling for covariates (adjusted odds ratio: 2.94), maternal feelings of resolved grief regarding the preterm birth experience were associated with secure infant-mother attachment at 16 months. Maternal grief resolution and interaction quality were independent predictors of attachment security. CONCLUSION:Maternal grief resolution regarding the experience of preterm birth and the quality of maternal interactions have important implications for emerging attachment security for infants born prematurely.

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“…It was anticipated that children would display more mature play and positive affect and caregivers more positive affect and reciprocal involvement with the children. The PCERA (Clark, 1985), originally developed for assessing parent-child relationships, provided assessments of the social-emotional behavior of the child, caregiver, and the caregiver-child dyad behavior. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

I. Theoretical, Empirical, and Practical Rationale

2008

Monographs Society Res Child

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A fundamental quest of the developmental social and behavioral sciences is to specify the necessary and sufficient early experiences that lead to typical human development in childhood and adulthood. Because the opportunity to experimentally manipulate early human experiences is very limited, one approach is to observe the development and long-term outcomes of children who are tragically reared in atypically deficient early environments.Unfortunately, these studies usually are limited by a variety of confounds (J. McCall, 1999), among them sample selection, selective adoption, and the multifaceted nature of the early experience. For example, children reared in substandard orphanages (i.e., those in which some aspect of care is substantially inferior to that suggested by best practices) display developmental delays in most physical and behavioral domains, and such children who are later adopted into advantaged homes have higher frequencies of extreme behaviors and problems than nonorphanage children. But are these contemporary and long-term outcomes associated with the particular children who are sent to orphanages (e.g., unusual prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol, adverse birth circumstances) rather than the orphanage experience per se? Which aspects (e.g., deficiencies in nutrition, medical care, toys, equipment, social-emotional neglect, lack of experience with relationships, abuse) of what is usually a globally deficient orphanage environment are associated with these delays and long-term problems?This monograph reports a study that comes closer to validating that one attribute of the orphanage environment, namely very limited caregiver-child social-emotional interactions and the lack of opportunity to develop caregiver-child relationships, can be responsible for contemporary delays in most major domains of development in institutionalized children.Specifically, in a quasi-experimental design, two social-emotional interventions were introduced in orphanages for children birth to 48 months in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, that otherwise had acceptable medical care, nutrition, sanitation, toys, equipment, and the absence of abuse but were primarily deficient in the children's social-emotional experience and opportunity for adult-child relationships. The results show substantial improvement in children's physical, mental, and social-emotional development; improvements for typical children and those with a variety of disabilities; and a dose-response effect for many developmental outcomes in which the more positive social-emotional experience given to children and the longer they spent in the interventions, the greater the developmental gains. These results substantiate the potential importance of early social-emotional experience and adult-child relationships for the contemporary development of young children in institutions.WITH COMMENTARY BY Susan C. Crockenberg., Michael Rutter Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marinus H. van THEORETICAL RATIONALEMost developmental theories (e.g., psychoanalytic th...

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Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment

Cited by 147 publications

References 0 publications

Maternal verbal responsiveness and directiveness: consistency, stability, and relations to child early linguistic development

Maternal verbal responsiveness and directiveness: consistency, stability, and relations to child early linguistic development

Maternal Resolution of Grief After Preterm Birth: Implications for Infant Attachment Security

I. Theoretical, Empirical, and Practical Rationale

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