Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.During the school-age years, children of depressed parents, 1 as compared with children of parents without a psychiatric history, have been found to have a range of negative outcomes spanning psychiatric, social, and health domains. Such outcomes include higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Billings & Moos, 1983), more psychiatric disorder Weissman et al., 1987), poorer physical health, and greater deficits in academic, intellectual, and social and emotional competence (C. A. Anderson & Hammen, 1993;Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993;Kaplan, Beardslee, & Keller, 1987;Weissman et al., 1987). Some researchers have found parental depression to be more important than such family risk factors as parent-child discord, low family cohesion, and poor marital adjustment in predicting later child psychopathology (Fendrich, Warner, & Weissman, 1 Although there is some research examining the children of depressed fathers (or depressed parents), (the vast majority of studies of effects of parental depression on children have focused on the influence of maternal depression. It has been suggested that mothers are more involved than fathers in the intergenerational transmission of depression (Hops, 1996). Also, throughout the article the term depressed is used to refer to parents with clinical depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder), whereas parents with depressive symptoms is used in reference to parents with elevated levels of self-reported symptoms who do not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for depression. 1990). Overall, having a depressed parent appears to increase a child's general risk for psychopathology and specific risk for depression Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998;Downey & Coyne, 1990), although many children from at-risk environments, including those with depressed parents, do not develop adjustment problems. Risk of adjustment problems for children of parents with subclinical depressive symptoms appears to be somewhat tempered in comparison with risk for children of clinically depressed parents (Forehand, McCombs, & Brody, 1987) but is still elevated compared with children of nonsymptomatic parent...