Parent-Offspring Conflict and Sibling Competition in a Monogamous Primate

How Stranger Encounters of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) Are Influenced by Family Members: the Quality of Behavior

“…In order to discuss this point further information on the life history of callithrichids must be pre sented. First, fights in callithrichids are highly injurious [Dawson, 1977;Epple, 1975aEpple, , 1981Terborg quoted in Epple, 1981] or even deadly under captive conditions [Ep ple, 1975a;Kleiman, 1979], Second, the father tends to be the main carrier of the infants [Bucher, 1980;Cebul and Epple, 1984;Cleveland and Snowdon, 1984;Epple, 1975a, b;Erb, 1983;Ingram, 1977; but see Box, 1977], In our colony fathers retrieved infants during disturbances, even when they were already on another carrier. Third, carry ing the infant does not seem to inhibit aggres sion directed toward the carrier.…”

“…Third, carry ing the infant does not seem to inhibit aggres sion directed toward the carrier. We have regularly observed severe intragroup aggres sion obviously triggered by estrus in the al pha females [see also Kleiman, 1979], During these times an individual is attacked in the same manner whether carrying infants or not. If we take these three facts into account we may assume that costs of fighting for the female can be outweighed by the benefits of protecting her mate (who's value or impor tance for her breeding success was suggested above) and/or her offspring which are carried by the male.…”

The Evolution of Male Parental Investment in Mammals

“…Important components of the social organization and mating systems of these species can only be understood as consequences of the high levels of male parental care. These species, which include golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), African wild dogs, and wolves (Canis lupus), share a complex of behavioral characters which include more intense competition between females than males (Kleiman, 1979;Frame et ai, 1979), sex ratios tending towards males, disproportionate female emigration, and often care provided by adults in addition to the father. It appears that in these species females compete for access to male investment, which in tamarins involves carrying the young and also providing food (Hoage, 1977(Hoage, , 1978 and in canids involves providing food and protection for an extended period of dependence.…”

A Preliminary Field Study of the Moustached Tamarin Monkey (Saguinus mystax) in Northeastern Peru: Questions Concerned with the Evolution of a Communal Breeding System

“…Although little is known concerning their reproductive behavior, social structure, and diet in the wild, tamarins and marmosets have been reported to live in relatively small social units termed nuclear or extended fam ilies [Kleiman, , 1979Eisenberg, 1977;Epple and Katz, 1980;Evans and Poole, 1983]. A nuclear family is generally defined as a mated pair and their immature offspring.…”