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Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine differences in depression and smartphone addiction among four styles of perceived parenting, and determine whether the perceptions of paternal and maternal parenting are associated with depression and smartphone addiction among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used. A convenience sample of 378 undergraduate students responded to the survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with IBM SPSS statistics version 21. Results: Levels of depression and smartphone addiction were significantly different according to the four styles of perceived parenting (optimal parenting, affectionate constraint parenting, affectionless control parenting, and neglectful parenting). Scores of depression and smartphone addiction in the group with perceived affectionless control parenting were higher than those in the other groups. In a regression model, maternal care and paternal overprotection were significantly associated with depression. Also, maternal overprotection was the only significant predictor of smartphone addiction. Conclusion: These results suggest that students who perceive that both fathers and mothers are low in care, warmth, and support; but high in overprotection, control and intrusiveness are vulnerable to depression and smartphone addiction. Targeted interventions to change and reframe students' perception of paternal and maternal parenting in a positive way may reduce their depression and smartphone addiction.
Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine differences in depression and smartphone addiction among four styles of perceived parenting, and determine whether the perceptions of paternal and maternal parenting are associated with depression and smartphone addiction among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used. A convenience sample of 378 undergraduate students responded to the survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with IBM SPSS statistics version 21. Results: Levels of depression and smartphone addiction were significantly different according to the four styles of perceived parenting (optimal parenting, affectionate constraint parenting, affectionless control parenting, and neglectful parenting). Scores of depression and smartphone addiction in the group with perceived affectionless control parenting were higher than those in the other groups. In a regression model, maternal care and paternal overprotection were significantly associated with depression. Also, maternal overprotection was the only significant predictor of smartphone addiction. Conclusion: These results suggest that students who perceive that both fathers and mothers are low in care, warmth, and support; but high in overprotection, control and intrusiveness are vulnerable to depression and smartphone addiction. Targeted interventions to change and reframe students' perception of paternal and maternal parenting in a positive way may reduce their depression and smartphone addiction.
Purpose:The purpose of this descriptive correlation study was to examine the correlations among body mass index, paternal and maternal parenting, alexithymia, depression, and abnormal eating behaviors, and to determine associated risk factors for Korean women college students. Methods: Data were collected from 270 women college students in S city, Korea. They were asked to fill out the Korean version of the Eating Attitude Test, Parental Bonding Instrument, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchial regression analysis. Results: College students' abnormal eating behaviors were significantly associated with body mass index, paternal and maternal parenting, alexithymia, and depression. Hierarchical regression analysis found the most important predictors of abnormal eating behaviors were body mass index and depression, which explained 15% of the variance in abnormal eating behaviors. Conclusion: These results suggest that women college students with overweight and higher levels of depression are vulnerable to disordered eating behavior. Management of obesity and depressive mood could be effective interventions to prevent disordered eating behavior.
Objective: The present study examined the direct and indirect effects of mother's distinct parenting profiles on the development of children's social skills, mediated by the children's effortful control. Methods: Maternal parenting styles were measured by a self-rated questionnaire. Children's effortful control was assessed using behavioral tasks, namely the Red-Green Sign task and the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task. Children's social skills were measured through a teacher-rated questionnaire. Results: Latent profile analyses based on the eleven parenting dimensions demonstrated three distinct parenting profiles: supportive (38.6%), controlling (39.4%), and inconsistent (22.0%). Compared to the inconsistent parenting profile, the supportive and controlling parenting profiles were directly associated with higher levels of children's social skills and indirectly associated through higher level of their effortful control. There was no significant difference between the supportive and controlling parenting profiles. Conclusion: The parenting profiles are linked with children's social skills directly and indirectly through their effortful control. These findings suggest that mothers' parenting practices in early childhood, especially inductive discipline (e.g. reasoning and reminding of rules), are essential factors to enhance children's effortful control and social skills.
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