Parental investment, self-control, and sex differences in the expression of adhd

Stevenson, Joan C.; Williams, D. C.

doi:10.1007/s12110-000-1010-6

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Analogous to both Tourette syndrome and OCD, symptom severity in ADHD has been found to correlate negatively with hippocampal volumes (Peterson et al, 2007; Plessen et al, 2006), findings that have been attributed to a hippocampal-based compensatory response (Peterson et al, 2007; Plessen et al, 2006). Also as with Tourette syndrome and OCD, females with ADHD seem to have less severe symptoms at higher than at lower estrogen points in the menstrual cycle (Quinn, 2005; Stevenson and Williams, 2000). Although less research has been carried out on DCD, one recent fMRI study of motor function found increased MTL (parahippocampal) activation in children with DCD as compared to typically developing peers, despite equivalent performance (Zwicker et al, 2010), suggesting the possibility of declarative memory-based compensation of motor function in this disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders

Ullman

Pullman

2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

210

203

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Most research on neurodevelopmental disorders has focused on their abnormalities. However, what remains intact may also be important. Increasing evidence suggests that declarative memory, a critical learning and memory system in the brain, remains largely functional in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. Because declarative memory remains functional, and because this system can learn and retain numerous types of information, functions, and tasks, it should be able to play compensatory roles for multiple types of impairments across the disorders. Here, we examine this hypothesis for specific language impairment, dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We lay out specific predictions for the hypothesis and review existing behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence. Overall, the evidence suggests that declarative memory indeed plays compensatory roles for a range of impairments across all five disorders. Finally, we discuss diagnostic, therapeutic and other implications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders

Ullman

Pullman

2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

210

203

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This likely reflects, at least partially, a different hormonal milieu (Stevenson and Williams, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and fluctuating asymmetry in another college sample

Stevenson

Everson

Williams

et al. 2006

American J Hum Biol

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) represents a developmental lag that may be reflected in fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e., differences from perfect symmetry in traits that display bilateral symmetry. Burton et al. (2003 Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:601-619) found a statistical trend for FA to increase (as dermatoglyphic index or as total index) as the behavioral measure for AD/HDness (Rasch logit values derived from the Wender Utah Rating Scale, or WURS) increased in males but not in females. The objective here was to do a similar study in an independently collected sample of college students (n = 222; 61 male, 161 female) not selected for AD/HD, looking at FA vs. symptoms for AD/HD based on Rasch versions of responses to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) (Barkley and Murphy 1998 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, New York: Guilford Press, p. 95-96) and the more comparable shortened WURS. FAs were lowest for body and ear height, and highest for eye width and nose width, and ranged from 0.01 +/- 0.001 (mean +/- SE) for foot and ankle widths to 0.13 +/- 0.01 in eye and nose widths for both sexes; the sexes did not differ significantly. Males displayed higher AD/HD symptom rates overall. There was a significant correlation between body FA and the WURS measure in females after Bonferroni correction (P = 0.002, r(2) = 0.058). Thus, AD/HD symptoms levels increased with an increase in body FA in female college students not selected for AD/HD.

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“…AD/HD has one of the highest heritabilities for a ''trait,'' averaging 0.64-0.91 (Edelbrock et al, 1995;Gillis et al, 1992;Levy et al, 1997;Zahn-Waxler et al, 1996). The models that attempt to explain this disorder argue that AD/HD likely reflects reduced efficiency in executive functions, particularly self-regulation (impulse control) (Baird et al, 2000;Barkley, 1997aBarkley, ,b, 2001Stevenson and Williams, 2000) and/or deficiencies in reward mechanisms (Blum et al, 2000), or both (Sonuga-Barke, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Attention‐Deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a college sample: An exploratory study

Burton

Stevenson

Williams

et al. 2003

American J Hum Biol

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Departures from normal development can be partly assessed by measuring fluctuating asymmetry (FA), that is, differences from perfect symmetry in traits that display bilateral symmetry. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), one of the most common psychiatric conditions, is diagnosed if there are developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The objective here is to measure whether AD/HD behaviors positively correlate with FA in head, hands, and fingerprints of a sample of college students (n = 176, 57 male, 119 female) not selected for AD/HD. FA was measured as the absolute value of the difference between right and left sides divided by group mean trait size. Average FAs (mean, SE) were lowest for finger lengths (e.g., male, 3rd, 0.011 +/- 0.001; female, 3rd, 0.012 +/- 0.001) and highest for digit ridge counts (e.g., male, 5th, 0.075 +/- 0.007; female, 2nd, 0.069 +/- 0.005). Average FAs were similar between the sexes and only one facial measure and the facial index (summed FAs) differed significantly between the sexes (F > M). The scores for measures of the adult AD/HD behavioral assessment instrument, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were high overall in this sample and males exhibited higher rates of symptoms than females. A Rasch measurement model analysis of individual responses to the WURS produced a true interval score for each person that is a measure of individual "AD/HDness." FA indices were then regressed on Rasch scores. A univariate analysis of all the variables demonstrated a significant interaction of sex. Hand, Dermatoglyphic, Face, and Total Indices were then regressed by sex on the Rasch values of "AD/HDness." Only in males was there a trend for the Dermatoglyphic Index (F(1,55) = 3.627, P = 0.062) and Total Index (F(1,55) = 3.811, P = 0.056) to increase as AD/HDness increases.

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Parental investment, self-control, and sex differences in the expression of adhd

Cited by 7 publications

References 62 publications

A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders

A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and fluctuating asymmetry in another college sample

Attention‐Deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a college sample: An exploratory study

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