Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society

Cools, Sara; Strøm, Marte

doi:10.1007/s11150-014-9244-y

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…That is, the reduction in new fathers' income was more pronounced over the study period than the expected catch up of new mothers' incomes. This aligns with previous studies, finding that family policies aimed at new fathers, as the introduction of the 'daddy quota', have effects on their incomes (Cools & Strøm, 2014;Rege & Solli 2013). Our study might indicate a continued impact of policy extensions for the reduction of within-couple inequality in earnings.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…On one hand, female breadwinning still violates normative expectations in certain population subgroups Tichenor, 1999). But most importantly, the persistent gender segregation in education and the labour market entails that highly educated women often earn less than their male counterparts, and women usually reduce their labour market activity more than men when children arrive (Cools & Strøm, 2014;. However, analysing couples' income patterns in 27 countries in 2007 and 2011, Klesment and Van Bavel (2017) found that if a woman was better educated than her partner, this increased the odds of her earning more than him, and reduced the so-called "motherhood penalty" on women's relative earnings.…”

Section: Within-couple Inequality In Income -Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the male partner's income still surpasses that of the female partner in about 45% of couples, and this is more common when there are young children in the household (Bergsvik et al, 2016;Skrede & Wiik, 2012). Despite a convergence in men's and women's time use in the labour market and the family in recent decades, parenthood still strengthens gender-role specialization in couples (Kitterød & Rønsen, 2014) and intensifies the gender gap in earnings, wages, and career development in Norway (Barth, Hardoy, Schøne, & Østbakken, 2013;Cools & Strøm, 2014;Hardoy, Schøne, & Østbakken, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Parenthood and Couples’ Relative Earnings in Norway

Bergsvik

Kitterød

Wiik

2019

European Sociological Review

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the current paper, we investigate within-couple inequality in earnings using Norwegian register data on married and cohabiting couples. We are particularly interested in assessing whether the negative relation between children and women's relative earnings changed during the study period 2005 to 2014. In this period, work-family policy measures meant to facilitate mothers' employment and promoting fathers' family involvement were strengthened, and there was a sharp increase in women's level of education. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables, results showed that women on average still earn less than their male partners and that the presence of small children in the household was negatively related to women's earnings. However, results from interaction models showed that the negative association between having young children and women's relative earnings was reduced during the study period. Additional analyses confirmed that this latter finding was mainly due to an income reduction among new fathers.

show abstract

Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Within-couple Inequality In Income -Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Parenthood and Couples’ Relative Earnings in Norway

Bergsvik

Kitterød

Wiik

2019

European Sociological Review

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…7 Furthermore, men with higher earnings were slightly more likely to use the fathers' quota (Lappegård 2008). In the same period, Cools and Strøm (2014) find evidence of a fatherhood wage penalty emerging in the private sector. Taken together, this indicates that the substitution effect has become stronger for men in the period of study.…”

Section: Theoretical Perspectives On Change Over Time In Norwaymentioning

confidence: 93%

Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010

Hart¹

2015

DemRes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUNDThe relationship between earnings and fertility and how it varies with context are among the core investigations of demography. Cross-country comparisons show that when parenting and employment are in conflict, this relationship is less positive for women. We lack knowledge of how this relationship is shaped by context for men and how it varies with contextual changes over time rather than between countries. OBJECTIVE I investigate how the relationship between earnings and first-birth probability changes over time for men and women, in a period when efforts in parenting and paid work become increasingly similar across sex. METHODSDiscrete-time hazard regressions are applied to highly accurate data from Norwegian population registers. Through estimation of separate models for each of the years 1995 through 2010, I assess whether the correlation between yearly earnings and the first birth probabilities changed over period time. The correlation is estimated net of observable confounders, such as educational enrolment and attainment and region of birth. RESULTSThe correlation between earnings and fertility has become substantially more positive over time for women, and also somewhat more positive among men. CONCLUSIONSThough the potential opportunity cost of fathering increases, there is no evidence of a weaker correlation between earnings and first birth probability for men. I suggest that decreasing opportunity costs of motherhood as well as strategic timing of fertility are both plausible explanations for the increasingly positive correlation among women.

show abstract

“…Parenthood entails a persistent gendered effect on labor market participation of women, i.e. it often contributes to substantial decreases in earnings and employment (Cools & Strøm, 2016;Gibb et al, 2014;Knoester & Eggebeen, 2006;Loughran & Zissimopoulos, 2009;Lundborg, Plug, & Rasmussen, 2017;Millimet, 2000;Sigle-Rushton & Waldfogel, 2007). In men, respective changes are typically much smaller, and sometimes even in the opposite direction (ibid.).…”

Section: Conceptual Background Gender and Parenthood In Young Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood on educational and labor market outcomes: a dynamic analysis of population-level effects over young adulthood

Nisén

Bijlsma

Martikainen³

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Later parenthood is often beneficial for women, but less is known about its impact on men. As first births continue to occur later in life, it is important to understand whether this delay influences the educational and labor market outcomes of women and men differently, and how it changes the socioeconomic characteristics of children's parents at birth. However, education, employment, and fertility are linked, implying that complex models are required in order to analyze the time-varying impacts of delayed parenthood. We use dynamic longitudinal models and Finnish data to analyze how, and through which socioeconomic mechanisms, a material delay in parenthood is likely to influence educational and labor market outcomes over young adulthood. A three-year delay in young-adult parenthood for all women increases educational enrollment in their early 20s, employment in their late 20s, and partly due to higher education income in their 30s. The impact of the same delay for men is more modest, and almost negligible for their employment, suggesting that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women and attenuates the income advantage of men. However, it strengthens the socioeconomic standing of both men and women when they become parents, essentially due to the accumulation of effects.

show abstract

Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Parenthood and Couples’ Relative Earnings in Norway

Parenthood and Couples’ Relative Earnings in Norway

Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010

The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood on educational and labor market outcomes: a dynamic analysis of population-level effects over young adulthood

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About