a social Behavioral sciences, soka university of america, aliso Viejo, ca, usa; b department of education and social Work, university of auckland, auckland, new Zealand ABSTRACTThis study examined the parenting goals and practices of Korean transnational mothers (referred to as 'kirogi') in order to understand how parents are preparing youth for success within a world of increasing globalization. Data are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of Korean mothers (M age = 45.88) accompanying their youth (M age = 15.72) in the US and in NZ (N = 153). Results indicated that mothers rated youth's educational/occupational self-development and humanistic life goals to be as important as educational/occupational achievement. Self-development and humanistic life goals were also found to be the most correlated to parenting strategies that accommodate youth, which, in turn, was the most predictive of outcomes. Discussion focuses on how globalization allows for parents with resources to find opportunities outside of their home country to achieve their parenting goals and to allow their youth to self-regulate their schoolwork successfully.Negotiating the need for autonomy and the need for relatedness is a central concern for healthy individual development and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Within the parent-child relationship, balancing these needs is inevitably complicated by the growing competence and maturity of the child. Additionally, parenting occurs within social and cultural contexts that shape and define the future adult roles that children take on. As globalization grows and as the type of future jobs become more unpredictable and more competitive, how do parents and youth successfully negotiate youth autonomy and relatedness under these circumstances?The current study utilizes a unique family situation, characterized by high parental investment and sacrifice, to investigate how parents can effectively navigate their parenting goals using a model of shared and non-shared agency between parent and youth (Chang, Heckhausen, Greenberger, & Chen, 2010). This literature review will show how the kirogi family situation commits each to a family project, and that an examination of parenting goals for youth and an assessment of parents' endorsement of shared and non-shared agency with youth can help to understand parenting practices.
The kirogi family as contextKirogi families are spilt-family households originating from South Korea whereby family members live in two different nations for most, if not all, of the year and for several years depending upon their goals. One parent, often the mother, accompanies the child/ren overseas to an English-language country while ARTICLE HISTORY