“…Many studies have examined parental stress in relation to children who have medical conditions (e.g., mental retardation, cardiac problems, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, diabetes, spina bifida, very low birth weight), with most finding that parents of a child with a diagnosed medical condition report more stress and problems with adaptation than parents of children without such conditions (Kazak and Marvin, 1984; Britner et al, 2003; Nereo et al, 2003; Uzark and Jones, 2003; Hung et al, 2004; Vermaes et al, 2007; Wulffaert et al, 2009). There is also some evidence that higher parenting stress is associated with poorer child outcomes over the long term, including both internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (Anthony et al, 2005; Pope et al, 2005; Pai et al, 2006; Ashford et al, 2008). However, other studies have suggested that the stress associated with parenting a child with a medical condition can activate parental coping resources that promote resilience in the child and family (Case-Smith, 2004; Vermaes et al, 2007; Lightsey and Sweeney, 2008; Baker et al, 2009; Feragen et al, 2009).…”