Elevated levels of parenting stress during infancy may be stable through toddlerhood for families having a child with a CFA. The relation between parenting stress and child adjustment is likely to be reciprocal. These findings should be replicated with a larger sample and multiple informants.

The aim of this article is to provide a systematic literature review of studies published between 1984 and 2013 that used measures of creativity in undergraduate students. We present previous reviews that show an increasing interest in creativity research and the measures used in creativity assessment. Four questions guided our analyses: (a) What measures have been used to study creativity?; (b) What is the prevalence of creativity measures in studies published in different types of journals?; (c) What are the most prevalent key terms used in respect to creativity in these studies?; and (d) How is creativity used as variables (e.g., dependent vs. independent)? The initial database search produced 3,993 resulting articles; after applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we narrowed the sample of the studies to 446. Our analyses revealed an increase in the use of self-report and product rating measures to study creativity in undergraduate students over the 30-year period; the overall use of divergent thinking and convergent thinking measures, however, has decreased. The most frequently used term was creativity; creativity was also most commonly used as an outcome variable in studies. The observed trends are consistent with earlier observations of growing interest in creativity assessment, most likely the result of changes in the domain of creativity research itself. We conclude with recommendations for future creativity research based on the results.

Specific patterns of strengths and weaknesses in psychosocial adjustment may vary by craniofacial anomaly diagnosis. Replication of these findings, with extension to other craniofacial anomaly diagnoses, is warranted.

Most children with CFAs do not appear to experience psychosocial adjustment problems. Although elevated risk may be seen for certain problems, this group may be protected in other areas. Research identifying the mechanisms responsible for varying age and sex patterns of adjustment is needed.