Part II. The nature of intrusive thoughts

Parkinson, L; Rachman, S.

doi:10.1016/0146-6402(81)90008-4

Cited by 107 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In a classic and pioneer study in this field, Rachman and de Silva (1978) verified that normal people reported experiencing unpleasant intrusive thoughts that were often indistinguishable from clinical obsessions in content and form. These results have been repeatedly verified in other studies, which indicate that between 80% and 99% of mentally healthy individuals reported occasionally having intrusions that can be experienced as thoughts, images or impulses (Clark, 1992;Clark & de Silva, 1985;England & Dickerson, 1988;Freeston, Ladouceur, Gagnon, & Thibodeau, 1991;Freeston, Ladouceur, Thibodeau & Gagnon, 1992;Niler & Beck, 1989;Parkinson & Rachman, 1981;, 1994a, 1994bReynolds & Salkovskis, 1991;Salkovskis & Harrison, 1984). These intrusive cognitions are considered the 'normal' analogous to clinical obsessions, and their study makes it possible to better comprehend the nature of obsessive thoughts.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Intrusive thoughts in non‐clinical subjects: the role of frequency and unpleasantness on appraisal ratings and control strategies

Belloch

Morillo

Lucero

et al. 2004

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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This study explores the frequency of the appearance of intrusive thoughts in normal people, as well their association with cognitive appraisals and control strategies. A total of 336 subjects completed the Spanish adaptation of the Obsessional Intrusions Inventory-Revised (ROII), designed by Purdon and Clark (1993, 1994a, 1994b). Most of the subjects (99.4%) reported experiencing intrusive thoughts occasionally, but only 13% reported having them with some frequency. The intrusions were included in two factors: aggression, sexually and socially inappropriate behaviours, and doubts, checking, and cleanliness. The frequency of appearance of the most upsetting intrusive thought was associated with: the likelihood/probability bias, the need to control the thoughts, and neutralizing strategies. Nevertheless, the unpleasantness was associated with the morality bias and a broad range of control strategies. These results are discussed in relation to the different roles that the appraisal and the thought control responses play, both regarding the persistence as well as the unpleasantness associated with the most upsetting intrusions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Intrusive thoughts in non‐clinical subjects: the role of frequency and unpleasantness on appraisal ratings and control strategies

Belloch

Morillo

Lucero

et al. 2004

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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“…Even following extremely traumatic events, such as the loss of a loved one or paralyzing accidents, some people may enter a state of intense and prolonged depression, whereas others appear to be emotionally unscathed (Wortman & Silver, 1989). Several investigators have shown a consistent positive relation between repetitive and unbidden thoughts about stressful events and negative mood (e.g., Horowitz, 1975;Lutgendorf et al, 1997;Parkinson & Rachman, 1981a, 1981bRachman, 1980;Silver, Boon, & Stones, 1983;Tait & Silver, 1989). For example, 6 years after the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, chronic distress was evident only in those area residents who had intrusive thoughts about the incident (see Baum, 1990).…”

Section: Intrusive Thoughts In the Context Of Cognitive-processing Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms.

Lepore¹

1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

266

236

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The author investigated whether expressive writing enhances emotional adaptation to a stressful event (graduate entrance exams) by reducing event-related intrusive thoughts or by desensitizing people to such thoughts. Participants in the experimental group, who were instructed to write their deepest thoughts and feelings about the exam, exhibited a significant decline in depressive symptoms from 1 month (Time 1 ) to 3 days (Time 2) before the exam. Participants in the control group, who wrote about a trivial topic, maintained a relatively high level of depressive symptoms over this same period. Expressive writing did not affect the frequency of intrusive thoughts, but it moderated the impact of intrusive thoughts on depressive symptoms. Specifically, intrusive thoughts at Time 1 were positively related to depressive symptoms at Time 2 in the control group and were unrelated to symptoms in the expressive writing group.

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“…It is more likely that worrisome thinking is the immediate cognitive avoidance response to such images when they do occur. The demonstrated suppressive effects of worry on somatic anxiety could also be due to the fact that worry uses up significant amounts of attentional resource (Mathews, 1990), is difficult to shift away from (Parkinson & Rachman, 1981), insulates its thoughts from affective meaning through the semantic satiation inherent in its repetitive verbal activity (Smith, 1984), and creates less mismatch between information expected and • information received (Gray, 1982).…”

Section: Worry Suppresses Somatic Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Borkovec¹,

Ray²,

Stöber³

1998

Cognitive Therapy and Research

669

192

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Research on worry during the past 15 years has revealed a remarkable amount of knowledge about this pervasive human phenomenon. Worry involves a predominance of verbal thought activity, functions as a type of cognitive avoidance, and inhibits emotional processing. Worry also produces not only anxious experience but depressive affect as well. Recent evidence suggests that the very private experience of worry is developmentally connected to enmeshed childhood relationships with the primary caregiver and is currently associated with significant interpersonal problems, especially those involving tendency to be overly nurturing to others. At the physiological level, worry is characterized peripherally by parasympathetic deficiency and autonomic rigidity and centrally by left-frontal activation.

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Part II. The nature of intrusive thoughts

Cited by 107 publications

References 9 publications

Intrusive thoughts in non‐clinical subjects: the role of frequency and unpleasantness on appraisal ratings and control strategies

Intrusive thoughts in non‐clinical subjects: the role of frequency and unpleasantness on appraisal ratings and control strategies

Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms.

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