Part-Week Work by Married Women

Part-time Employment of Married Women and Fertility in Urban Japan

“…However, the income elasticity, -0.5, is rougly equal to that for female employees for 1970, -0.52 (Hill 1984) . The part-time income elasticity is significantly larger than that of U.S. married women in absolute value, -0.068 (Long and Jones 1980) , while, in similar simultaneous-equation models, the part-time income elasticity in urban Japan is nearly half or a third of that of U.S. married women (-1.2 in Cain and centers and nursery schools encourages married women with pre-school children to join the labor market. However, with higher labor force participation for married women, the demand for day-care centers and nursery schools will increase.…”

“…Finally, our estimates will permit comparisons with the estimates obtained with Japanese data (Hill 1984, andYarnada andYamada 1984) and United States data (e.g., Long and Jones 1980) The plan of this paper is as follows: Section II describes our statistical model and briefly mentions theoretical predictions of the variables in the model. Section III reports the empirical results.…”

“…Equation (1) Cain and Weininger 1973, De Tray 1973, Fields 1976, Fleisher and Rhodes 1976and 1979a, Long and Jones 1980, Michael 1973b, and Willis 1973, We will, therefore, comment on only some of the variables in each equation.…”

“…Recent empirical work with United States data shows that the sign is significantly positive for married women, e.g., Dooley (1982) and Fleisher and Rhodes (1976), whereas Cogan (1981) , Long and Jones (1980) and Shapiro and Shaw (1983) find a negative association.11 The proportion of children who go to either nursery schools or kindergartens (KIND5) will have a positive effect because those available facilities will provide a good opportunity for married women to substitute for their own time-inputs into childrearing (Schultz 1978) With respect to the fertility equation (4) , women's part-time wage rate (LNPATW) and married women's part-time labor supply (PTLFP1) are expected to have a negative effect on married women's fertility (FERTI) because they will reflect the opportunity costs of bearing and raising children (Cain and Dooley 1976, Cain and Weininger 1973, Link and Settle 1981, and Schultz 1974 The negative sign on LNPATW1 is expected on the basis of the assumption that the negative substitution effect dominates the positive income effect on fertility. The effect of the husband's income (LNHINC.…”

A Multinominal Logistic Approach to the Labor Force Behavior of JapaneseMarried Women

“…These recent results showed a positive effect 01 wages on labor force participation decisions of married women.1 What is massing from their analyses is a systerintac examination or the behavior of marraea women who choose to work only part-time, accounting for approximately half of the married women in urban Japan according to the 1980 Population Census of Japan. As studies using United States and Canadian data have shown, the response of part-time working married women to changes in the returns to work is quite different from that of their full-tame counterparts (for example, Mcrcensterri and Hamovitch 1976;Long and Jones 1980;Nakamura and Nakarnura 1983) . The increa sang importance of part-time working…”