Partial characterization and aspects of the mode of action of a hypersensitivity-inhibiting factor (HIF) isolated from Phytophthora infestans

Doke, Noriyuki; Garas, N. A.; Kúc, J.

doi:10.1016/0048-4059(79)90061-4

Cited by 96 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…If medicarpin inhibits VA fungal growth or differentiation, this would explain the requirement for suppression of the constitutive levels of IFR in M. truncatula roots. Active suppression of defence mechanisms by fungal plant pathogens has been previously reported (Barz et al, 1989;Doke et al, 1979;Yamada et al, 1989) and suppression of gene expression has also been suggested to occur in bean mycorrhizae where, in contrast to the results observed here, CHI transcripts decreased during colonization (Lambais and Mehdy, 1993).…”

Section: Spatial Patterns Of Gene Expression In Mycorrhizae 17contrasting

confidence: 57%

Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme

Harrison¹,

Dixon

1994

The Plant Journal

201

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SummaryA combination of Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization was used to measure and localize changes in the levels of transcripts encoding five enzymes of phenylpropanoid/flavonoid/isoflavonoid metabolism in Medicago truncatula roots following colonization with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. In colonized roots, elevated levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts were detected specifically in the cortical cells containing arbuscules. This localization was discrete, and elevated levels of transcripts were not observed in adjacent, non-colonized cells. In contrast, isoflavone reductase (IFR) transcripts, which were detected at relatively high levels in the cortical cells of non-colonized roots, were almost undetsctable in the colonized cortical cells containing arbuscules and were also lowered in adjacent calls. The expression of chalcone isomerase (CHI) and isoliquiritigenin 2'-O-methyltransferase (ChalOMT) was unaffected by colonization, and the tissue-specific patterns of gene expression were the same as in noncolonized roots. It is concluded that the establishment of the mycorrhizal interaction results in cell type-specific differential expression of gemm of phenylpropanoid/flavonold/isoflavonoid biosynthesis, which may be causally related to arbuscule development.

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Section: Spatial Patterns Of Gene Expression In Mycorrhizae 17contrasting

confidence: 57%

Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme

Harrison¹,

Dixon

1994

The Plant Journal

201

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“…It can therefore be assumed that all pathogens penetrating the host cell wall cause the endogenous elicitor to be released. Compatible races, however, may competitively inhibit bonding between the endogenous elicitor and the specific receptor by emitting glycans functioning as suppressors (Doke et al 1979). This is in accordance with the theory that resistance is normal while sensitivity is abnormal (Ingram 1978).…”

Section: Elicitationsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…It is also very doubtful that the phytoalexins are produced in time to prevent pathogen growth (Daly 1972) in fact the pathogen and the phytoalexins may actually never meet in vivol It is conceivable that phytoalexin synthesis is always induced by means of an endogenous elicitor released from the cell wall of the host when penetrated by microorganisms. Compatible interactions, however, may indicate that the endogenous elicitor was not able to reach its receptor, which may have been occupied by so-called suppressors (Doke et al 1979) emitted by the pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is hardly relevant to study inhibition of spore germination Mansfield 1975, Doke et al 1979) or germ tube growth (Doke et al 1979), since, to all appearances, the production of phytoalexins does not begin until the infection peg has penetrated the membrane of the host cell. Furthermore, inhibitory activity should be assayed with an actual pathogenic fungus such as P. infestans.…”

Section: Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critical aspects of phytoalexins in potato

Brishammar

1987

AFSci

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Abstract. Phytoalexins in potato are sesquiterpenoid substances produced in response to infections and are believed to help plants resist attack by pathogens. However, these compounds appear in response to compatible as well as incompatible interactions and only accumulate in the tubers. The amounts of phytoalexins produced depend on the physiological condition of the tubers. Young tubers don't gel easily infected with Phylophlhora infestanseven though they synthesize extremely small amounts of phytoalexins. Furthermore, confusion as to the identity of specific races and the propensity for a given race to produce different effects in the same type of host makes it extremely difficult to predict host-parasite interactions with any acceptable degree of accuracy. It is doubtful that the production of phytoalexins in response to artificial inoculations is representative of that occurring in natural infections. Markedly different types of pathogens induce synthesis of same substances in the host cells. It therefore seems most probable that all the phytoalexins are synthesized in response to stimulation by an endogenous elicitor. Little knowledge is available regarding the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenes, and many previous determinations have presumably been erroneous. When potato tubers were inoculated with the late blight fungus, secondarily appearing bacteria were not retarded, despite the presence of phytoalexins. There is no generally accepted hypothesis describing the mechanism by which phytoalexins inhibit pathogens and no distinction has been made between the effects on necrotrophs and biotrophs. Adequate bioassays capable of measuring the effects of inhibition have yet to be developed, thus far, no convincing inhibitory effects have been reported. During purification of the phytoalexins there is a high risk for artifact forming, implying that specific compounds cannot be detected with certainty. Moreover, present analytical methods must be improved before we can determine how phytoalexins act in vivo. Probably, phytoalexins are synthesized at a stage in the infection too late to be able to restrict its expansion with the tissues of the host. Phytoalexins are restricted to the attacked parts of the tubers and there is no evidence indicating that these compounds pose any health risks when present in potatoes used fqr consumption.

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“…Suppressors isolated from P. infestans are soluble glucans containing units bonded via β-1, 3 and β-1, 6 linkages (Doke et al, 1979;Furuichi and Suzuki, 1990). Ca…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternaric acid stimulates phosphorylation of His-tagged RiCDPK2, a calcium-dependent protein kinase in potato plants

Hassan¹,

Okuta²,

Kato³

et al. 2012

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) are an essential component of plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. We investigated the effect of alternaric acid, a host-specific toxin produced by the plant fungal pathogen Alternaria solani (Pleosporaceae), on a putative plasma membrane and cytosolic kinase RiCDPK2 of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and on hypersensitive cell death of host potato cells. Alternaric acid, in the presence of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+, stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of His-tagged RiCDPK2, a Ca 2+ -dependent protein kinase found in potato plants. We concluded that Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ play an important role in the interaction between alternaric acid and RiCDPK2. Based on our observations, alternaric acid regulates RiCDPK2 kinase during the infection process in an interaction between host and A. solani, leading to the inhibition of hypersensitive cell death in the host. We suggest that alternaric acid is a primary determinant ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 11 (3): 2381-2389 (2012) A. Hassan et al. 2382 by which A. solani stimulates CDPK activity in the host, suppressing hypersensitive cell death.

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Partial characterization and aspects of the mode of action of a hypersensitivity-inhibiting factor (HIF) isolated from Phytophthora infestans

Cited by 96 publications

References 29 publications

Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme

Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme

Critical aspects of phytoalexins in potato

Alternaric acid stimulates phosphorylation of His-tagged RiCDPK2, a calcium-dependent protein kinase in potato plants

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