“…Given the indices for evaluating a disassembly sequence, such as the disassembly time, cost and profit, the optimal disassembly sequence is searched with the rule-based reasoning (Smith et al , 2016), case-based reasoning (Yu et al , 2022) methods and intelligent optimization algorithms. The intelligent optimization algorithms include ant colony optimization (Liu et al , 2012; Xing et al , 2016), teaching-learning-based optimization (Xia et al , 2014; Xia et al , 2016), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Li et al , 2013; Lu et al , 2011) and genetic algorithm (GA) (Deng et al , 2020; Kheder et al , 2015). Immune algorithm (IA) has applied to many problems and showed good performance.…”