Participatory Disease Surveillance and Response in Indonesia: Strengthening Veterinary Services and Empowering Communities to Prevent and Control Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Abstract

The participatory disease surveillance and response (PDSR) approach to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Indonesia has evolved significantly from the participatory disease surveillance (PDS) system developed for rinderpest eradication in Africa and Pakistan. The first phase of the PDSR project emphasized the detection and control of HPAI by separate PDS and participatory disease response teams primarily in sector 4 poultry at the household level. Lessons learned during the first phase were taken into account in the design of the second phase of the project, which has sought to further strengthen management of disease prevention and control activities by improving technical approaches, increasing active participation of key stakeholders, including local and central governments, and focusing on the village level. The ongoing evolution of the PDSR program aims to establish a sustainable community-based program within provincial and district livestock services that enhances the prevention and control of not only HPAI, but also other zoonotic and priority animal diseases.

The architecture and effect of participation: a systematic review of community participation for communicable disease control and elimination. Implications for malaria elimination

“…Relationship building through the provision of incentives that address community priorities and investment in initiatives that improve the conditions and support their livelihoods of these communities will assist in motivating programme participation [74,106]. Conversely, donations and incentives that are perceived as short-term attempts to elicit participation with no genuine commitment to improving community health and development, will foster distrust and be damaging to current and future attempts at engaging communities [102].…”

“…In addition, a few papers reported the importance of regular monitoring of changing human perceptions and responses to interventions [57,75,78,106]. In Pakistan, epidemiological, social and behavioural research guided the design of behaviour change communication (BCC) strategies for targeted audiences which improved vaccination acceptability and participation in the polio elimination programme [78].…”

“…In Pakistan, epidemiological, social and behavioural research guided the design of behaviour change communication (BCC) strategies for targeted audiences which improved vaccination acceptability and participation in the polio elimination programme [78]. Such monitoring is suggested to achieve early detection of 'human resistance' arising from poor acceptability of interventions and programmes [75,106]. Finally, to facilitate acceptability, a number of papers advocated that interventions be effective, harmless, affordable, and should 'fit into the hands and minds of the people' [55,67,94,100,103].…”

Informal inter-island poultry movement in Indonesia: does it pose a risk to HPAI H5N1 transmission?

“…Even so, if Javanese farmers can continue to produce poultry at a lower cost, then it will be difficult for Balinese farmers to compete and the illegal movement will persist. Therefore, reducing the risk of HPAI H5N1 transmission relies primarily on better surveillance, testing and reporting of sick birds by farmers, communities, traders, quarantine staff and vendors (Schiffer et al 2008;Azhar et al 2010;Wiratsudakul et al 2014).…”

“…Fear of authority, possible penalties and lack of compensation can also influence people's willingness to report suspected HPAI cases (Barennes et al 2007;Schiffer et al 2008). Regulatory measures such as rules, surveillance and penalties have been more effective when developed in consultation with traders and farmers (Barennes et al 2007;Azhar et al 2010). Such a system would rely on building trusting relationships between health officials and traders to allow confidence in reporting.…”