“…However, studies on the impact of the Ngumburuni JFM show an increase in illegal overharvesting of timber, grazing, bushfires, debarking of tress, illegal farming, and charcoal burning in the forest due to unclear livelihoods options to the surrounding communities (Blomley & Ramadhani, 2006;Lund & Nielsen, 2006;Meshack & Raben, 2007;Meshack et al, 2006). Meanwhile, there is insufficient information documented on the contribution of the JFM in conservation of the forest resources and improving the local people's livelihood.…”