When breast cancer is surgically removed, a rim of normal tissue surrounding the tumor is also removed. This rim of normal tissue is called a margin and is studied by a pathologist to determine whether or not all tumor was removed. The pathologist achieves this by cutting the surgically removed tissue into thin slices and observing each slice under a microscope. This process is time-consuming. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using a portable carbon nanotube (CNT)-based X-ray system for in situ detection of the presence of tumor cells in the surgical margin. Using the proposed technique, we successfully obtain X-ray images, which clearly show cancer masses and microcalcifications. This feasibility study shows that portable CNT-based X-ray systems are promising candidates for next-generation in situ pathological examinations.