Particle-phase dry deposition and air–soil gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Izmir, Turkey

Abstract

a b s t r a c tAmbient air and dry deposition samples were collected at suburban and urban sites in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric total (particle + gas) 14 PAHs concentrations were 36 ± 39 and 144 ± 163 ng m −3 for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Phenanthrene was the most abundant compound at all sites, and all samples were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs. Average particulate 14 PAH dry deposition fluxes were 8160 ± 5024 and 4286 ± 2782 ng m −2 day −1 and overall average particulate dry deposition velocities were 1.5 ± 2.4 and 1.0 ± 2.3 cm s −1 for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Soil samples were collected at suburban site. Average soil concentration for 14 PAH was 55.9 ± 14.4 ng g −1 dry weight. Calculated gas-phase air-soil exchange fluxes indicated that fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and carbazole were deposited to soil in winter while they were volatilized in summer. Other compounds (fluoranthene-benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were deposited to soil in both periods. Annual average fluxes of PAHs representing soil to air (i.e., gas volatilization) and air to soil transfer (i.e., gas absorption, dry deposition, and wet deposition) processes were also compared. All processes were comparable for 14 PAHs however their input was dominated by gas absorption. Gas absorption dominated for lower molecular weight PAHs, however dry deposition dominated for higher molecular weight PAHs. The results have suggested that for fluorene, soil and air may be approaching a steady state condition. For the remaining compounds, there was a net accumulation into the soil.

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China

“…There was a decrease of the dry deposition velocity with the increase of PAH MW in this study. The results, in line with the previous findings, indicated that a greater fraction of the high MW PAHs were associated with fine particles rather than to the low MW PAHs (Demircioglu et al, 2011;Tasdemir and Esen, 2007).…”

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) on Fine and Coarse Atmospheric Particles Measured at Two (Urban and Industrial) Sites

“…Since large particles dominate the atmospheric dry deposition, higher deposition velocities were attributed to larger particles from resuspension of polluted soil, dust particles from paved/ unpaved roads, and non-vegetated areas at the suburban site. Relatively smaller dry deposition velocities that were (Cetin and Odabasi, 2007b;Bozlaker et al, 2008a, b;Bozlaker et al, 2009;Demircioglu, 2011b) with fine PM fractions determined in the present study.…”

“…Recently, dry deposition velocities of POPs in suburban sites were found to be higher than those measured for Urban and/or Industrial sites (Cetin and Odabasi, 2007b;Demircioglu et al, 2011b). This spatial difference in deposition velocities may be due to different size distributions of urban/industrial and suburban particles.…”

“…Dry deposition velocity was not measured in the present study. However, dry deposition velocities of several POPs were recently determined in the study area based on concurrent particle-phase air concentrations and deposition fluxes measured with dry deposition plates (Cetin and Odabasi, 2007b;Bozlaker et al, 2008a, b;Bozlaker et al, 2009;Demircioglu, 2011b). Using these experimentally measured deposition velocities for several POPs in the study area and fine fractions measured in the present study it was shown that dry particle deposition velocity significantly decreases with increasing fine PM fraction (R 2 = 0.48, p < 0.01, Fig.…”

Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenils in the Soil, Atmospheric Deposition and Bioindicator Samples in the Meric-Ergene River Basin, Turkey

“…Analysis Procedure: For pre-treatment procedure, soil, lichen or pine needle samples were weighed and dried with lyophilizator, and they were subjected to ultrasonic extraction. Clean up stage was made with alumina-silicic acid column [4]. The samples analyzed in GC-MS. Total deposition samples extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane.…”