“…As compared to molecular dye‐ligand conjugates, the multiple targeting ligands presented on NP surfaces allow multivalent recognition and binding to receptors on cell membrane, resulting in higher binding affinity and much improved selectivity toward targeted cells 9, 10, 11. With the rapid advances of nanotechnology, versatile NP systems including semiconducting quantum dots (QDs), gold NPs, and dye encapsulated NPs, etc., have been developed 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Despite the fact that NPs with varied sizes have been designed for different biomedical applications,17, 18, 19 there has been limited success in highly selective cancer targeting, and only a few examples for inorganic gold NPs were reported 16, 20.…”