“…The evaluation of clustering results is often referred to as cluster validation, and researchers have proposed many measures of cluster validity. In this paper, we choose six standard validity measures to examine the soundness of the clustering algorithms, including Davies-Bouldins index (DBI) [10,35,36], the Dunn validity index (DVI) [36,37], normalized mutual information (NMI) [38][39][40], the clustering cost function (ϕ), the Silhouette index (SI) [41,42], and the SD index (SDI) [42]. These measures are described as follows:…”