“…21 A variety of case studies on participatory democracy can be read in the research project "Reinventing Social Emancipation;" consult the theme participatory democracy. These papers can also be read in Santos, 2002a. 22 See Fedozzi, 1997;Santos, 1998;Abers, 1998;Baiocchi, 2001, Baierle, 2001 23 See Heller, 2000;Desai, 2001. 24 See Stavenhagen, 1996;Mamdani, 1996;Van Cott, 1996Gentili, 1998. 25 See Gonçalves, 2000;Fischer, 2000;Jamison, 2001;Callon et al 2001. 26 See Ryan, 1991;Bagdikian, 1992;Hamelink, 1994;Herman and McChesney, 1997;McChesney et al (eds. ), 1998;McChesney, 1999;Shaw, 2001.…”