Passage kinetics of 13C-labeled corn silage components through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Warner, D.; Dijkstra, J.; Hendriks, W.H.; Pellikaan, W.F.

doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6694

Cited by 19 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Chromium was determined in compound feed and faecal grab samples by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA240FS; Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) after oxidation with wet destruction as described in detail by Pellikaan et al (2013). The concentration of individual VFA was determined using gas chromatography (GC type Fisons HRGC MEGA2, Milan, Italy) as described by Warner et al (2013a), the nonglucogenic-to-glucogenic VFA ratio (NGR; i.e. [acetate + 2 × butyrate + 2 × isobutyrate + valerate + isovalerate]/[propionate + valerate + isovalerate]) was calculated after Abrahamse et al (2008).…”

Section: Grassland Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen fertilisation rate and maturity of grass silage on methane emission by lactating dairy cows

Warner

Hatew

Podesta

et al. 2016

Animal

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Grass silage is typically fed to dairy cows in temperate regions. However, in vivo information on methane (CH 4 ) emission from grass silage of varying quality is limited. We evaluated the effect of two rates of nitrogen (N) fertilisation of grassland (low fertilisation (LF), 65 kg of N/ha; and high fertilisation (HF), 150 kg of N/ha) and of three stages of maturity of grass at cutting: early maturity (EM; 28 days of regrowth), mid maturity (MM; 41 days of regrowth) and late maturity (LM; 62 days of regrowth) on CH 4 production by lactating dairy cows. In a randomised block design, 54 lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (168 ± 11 days in milk; mean ± standard error of mean) received grass silage (mainly ryegrass) and compound feed at 80 : 20 on dry matter basis. Cows were adapted to the diet for 12 days and CH 4 production was measured in climate respiration chambers for 5 days. Dry matter intake (DMI; 14.9 ± 0.56 kg/day) decreased with increasing N fertilisation and grass maturity. Production of fat-and proteincorrected milk (FPCM; 24.0 ± 1.57 kg/day) decreased with advancing grass maturity but was not affected by N fertilisation. Apparent total-tract feed digestibility decreased with advancing grass maturity but was unaffected by N fertilisation except for an increase and decrease in N and fat digestibility with increasing N fertilisation, respectively. Total CH 4 production per cow (347 ± 13.6 g/day) decreased with increasing N fertilisation by 4% and grass maturity by 6%. The smaller CH 4 production with advancing grass maturity was offset by a smaller FPCM and lower feed digestibility. As a result, with advancing grass maturity CH 4 emission intensity increased per units of FPCM (15.0 ± 1.00 g CH 4 /kg) by 31% and digestible organic matter intake (33.1 ± 0.78 g CH 4 /kg) by 15%. In addition, emission intensity increased per units of DMI (23.5 ± 0.43 g CH 4 /kg) by 7% and gross energy intake (7.0 ± 0.14% CH 4 ) by 9%, implying an increased loss of dietary energy with advancing grass maturity. Rate of N fertilisation had no effect on CH 4 emissions per units of FPCM, DMI and gross energy intake. These results suggest that despite a lower absolute daily CH 4 production with a higher N fertilisation rate, CH 4 emission intensity remains unchanged. A significant reduction of CH 4 emission intensity can be achieved by feeding dairy cows silage of grass harvested at an earlier stage of maturity.

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Section: Grassland Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen fertilisation rate and maturity of grass silage on methane emission by lactating dairy cows

Warner

Hatew

Podesta

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…Fifteen spot samples (~750 mL) of omasal digesta were collected during fecal collection times by means of the omasal sampling technique after Huhtanen et al (1997), with modifications as described in detail by Warner et al (2013a), at average times t = 0, 3,5,9,12,14,17,24,30,36,47,59,71,96, and 120 h after pulse dose administration. Omasal pH was measured immediately using an electronic pH meter (pH electrode HI1230, Hanna Instruments, IJsselstein, the Netherlands).…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contents of DM, ash, CP, starch, NDF, and ADF were analyzed as described by Abrahamse et al (2008a,b). Concentrations of VFA and NH 3 were determined as described by Warner et al (2013a). Milk composition was analyzed by midinfrared reflection spectroscopy (Milk Control Station VVB, Nunspeet, the Netherlands).…”

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, we used intrinsic isotope labeling of corn silages varying in nutritional quality to assess component-specific fractional passage rates (Warner et al, 2013a). The aim of the present study was to assess feed component-specific passage kinetics of grass silage from early through late maturity from ryegrass swards fertilized at 2 different N levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On d 18 through 21, rumen degradation of fresh grass silage was determined in situ per individual animal and per silage type treatment in situ as described by Warner et al (2013a). Incubations (0,2,4,8,24,48, and 72 h) started with the 72-h incubation bags according to the all-out procedure at 80 h after marker administration to ensure similar conditions of degradation and passage rates.…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Warner

Dijkstra

Hendriks

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Fractional passage rates are required to predict nutrient absorption in ruminants but data on nutrientspecific passage kinetics are largely lacking. With the use of the stable isotope ratio (δ) as an internal marker, we assessed passage kinetics of fiber and fiberbound nitrogen (N) of intrinsically labeled grass silage from fecal and omasal excretion patterns of δ 13 C and δ 15 N. In a 6 × 6 Latin square, lactating dairy cows received grass silages [455 g/kg of total diet dry matter (DM) ] in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement from ryegrass swards fertilized at low (45 kg of N/ha) or high (90 kg of N/ha) levels of N and harvested at 3 maturity stages. Feed intake (16.7 ± 0.48 kg of DM/d; mean ± standard error of the mean) and milk yield (26.7 ± 0.92 kg/d) increased at the high level of N fertilization and at decreasing maturity. Nutrient digestibility decreased with increasing plant maturity, particularly at the high level of N fertilization, essentially reflecting dietary treatment effects on the nutritional composition of the grass silage. Fractional rumen passage rates (K 1 ) were highest and total mean retention time in the gastrointestinal tract (TMRT) was lowest when based on the external marker chromium mordanted fiber (Cr-NDF; 0.047/h and 38.0 h, respectively). Fecal δ 13 C in the acid detergent fiber fraction ( 13 CADF) provided the lowest K 1 (0.023/h) and the highest TMRT (61.1 h) and highest peak concentration time (PCT; 24.3 h) among markers. In comparison, fecal fiber-bound N ( 15 NADF) had a considerably higher K 1 (0.032/h) and lower TMRT (46.4 h) than 13 CADF. Total N (measured with 15 NDM) had a comparable K 1 (0.034/h) to that of 15 NADF but provided the highest fractional passage rates from the proximal colon-cecum (K 2 ; 0.37/h) and lowest PCT (17.4 h) among markers. A literature review indicated unclear effects of grass silage maturity on K 1 and unknown effects of N fertilization on K 1 . Our study indicated no effect of advancing maturity on fecal K 1 and a trend for K 1 to increase with the high level of N fertilization. Parameter K 2 increased, whereas PCT and TMRT generally decreased with the high level of N fertilization. Omasal digesta sampling largely confirmed results based on fecal sampling. Results indicate that the use of δ 13 C and δ 15 N can describe fiber-specific passage kinetics of forage.

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Quantifying non‐fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique

et al. 2020

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BACKGROUND The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been useful for evaluating the potential degradability of feedstuffs in ruminal environments; GP is related to the components of feedstuff ingredients. RESULTS Linear models were generated and validated as alternatives of quantifying neutral detergent‐soluble fiber, starch (St)/hemicellulose (Hem) and cellulose (Cel) through GP. Residuals of models obtained from the peaks of GP [0–8 h (GP‐8), > 8–24 h (GP‐24), > 24–48 h (GP‐48) and > 24–81 h (GP‐81)] of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 g of glucose (Glu), St and Cel respectively. The incubations were analyzed in mixtures of Glu, St and Cel. The best fitting models (r2 from 0.709 to 0.935) were tested on corn stover (CS) to quantify rapid fermentation fractions (RF; equivalent to Glu), medium fermentation fractions (MF; equivalent to St) and low fermentation fractions (LF48; equivalent to Cel); in CS, RF, MF and LF models had standardized residuals < 0.09. The analysis with Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de Wit) and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) consider high‐protein ingredients. CONCLUSION The in vitro GP of RF, MF and LF48 fractions equivalent to Glu, St and Cel are affected by maturity and harvest time even when the chemical composition remains similar, and so RF, MF and LF48 should be considered during the design of ruminant diets. In vitro GP could be used to quantify the components of some forages, although further studies are necessary. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Passage kinetics of 13C-labeled corn silage components through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of nitrogen fertilisation rate and maturity of grass silage on methane emission by lactating dairy cows

Effects of nitrogen fertilisation rate and maturity of grass silage on methane emission by lactating dairy cows

Passage of stable isotope-labeled grass silage fiber and fiber-bound protein through the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Quantifying non‐fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique

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