Passivation issues in active pixel CMOS image sensors

Régolini, J. L.; Benoît, Daniel; Morin, P.

doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2007.01.067

Cited by 78 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The achievement of new functions of advanced optical devices is becoming progressively dependent on the availability of novel functional materials 1–3. In recent years, much attention has been paid to high refractive index (high‐ n ) polymers with good thermal stability, high optical transparency, and low birefringence (Δ n ) for their potential applications in advanced optoelectronic fabrications such as optical adhesives or encapsulants for organic light‐emitting diode devices (OLED),4 antireflective coatings for advanced optical applications,5 microlens components for charge‐coupled devices (CCD), and high‐performance complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS), etc 6–8. According to the Lorentz–Lorenz equation, the refractive indices of conventional polymers, which are often in the range of 1.3–1.7, can be improved by the introduction of substituents with high molar refractions ( R M ) and low molar volumes ( V M ) 9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly refractive and organo‐soluble poly(amide imide)s based on 5,5′‐thiobis(2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐thiazole): Synthesis and characterization

Shockravi¹,

Javadi²,

Kamali³

et al. 2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A new thioether-bridged diimide-diacid (DIDA) monomer was synthesized from the condensation of 5,5 0 -thiobis(2-amino-4-methyl-thiazole) (DA) and trimellitic anhydride at 1 : 2 molar ratio. A series of novel organic-soluble poly(amide imide)s (PAIs) bearing flexible thioether linkages and heteroaromatic thiazole groups were synthesized from DIDA with various commercially available aromatic diamines (1-5) via a direct polycondensation method with triphenyl phosphite and pyridine. The resulting polymers were obtained in high yields and possessed inherent viscosities in the range of 0.47-0.91 dL g -1 . All of the polymers were amorphous in nature, showed good solubility and could be easily dissolved in amide-type polar aprotic solvents (e.g., N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide), and even dissolved in less polar solvents (e.g., pyridine and tetrahydrofuran). They showed excellent thermal stability with glass transition temperatures between 233-269 C and 10% weight loss temperatures in excess of 480 C in nitrogen and 450 C in air atmosphere. The flexible structure endowed the PAI films with good optical transparency. The optical transmittances of the PAI films at 450 nm were higher than 80% for the thickness of approximately 10 lm. Moreover, the thiazole moieties and flexible thioether linkages in the molecular chains of the PAIs provided them with high refractive indices of 1.7329-1.7509 and low birefringences of 0.0065-0.0098. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 125: [1521][1522][1523][1524][1525][1526][1527][1528][1529] 2012

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly refractive and organo‐soluble poly(amide imide)s based on 5,5′‐thiobis(2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐thiazole): Synthesis and characterization

Shockravi¹,

Javadi²,

Kamali³

et al. 2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…A common application field for high-RI polymers is in optical instrument coatings, such as CIS [66], [67]. Liu et al fabricated a high-RI, optically transparent sulfur-containing semi-alicyclic polyimide-TiO2 nanocomposite film [1].…”

Section: A Refraction Index Modulation With Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocurable Polymer Nanocomposites for Magnetic, Optical, and Biological Applications

Song

Jeong

Kwon

2015

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Intelligent" polymer nanocomposites have been an intensely popular research topic for several decades. These materials are based on combinations of two technologies: 1) the bottomup synthesis of nanoparticles to assign a novel functionality and 2) the top-down photolithography of polymers to create desirable microstructures. Such intelligent nanocomposites are comprised of functional nanoparticles embedded in polymer mesh, and these nanoparticles enable polymers to display functions and properties that natural polymers cannot possibly show. Herein, we introduce and categorize intelligent polymer nanocomposites according to their functional applications. Three main categories are covered in this review: polymer nanocomposites with magnetic, optical, and biological functions. The statuses of this research field are covered, and the future directions of polymer nanocomposite research are discussed.

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“…In recent years, the optical polymers with high refractive indices and low birefringence values have been developed to satisfy the need for high-performance CMOS image sensors [37,38]. According to previous reports, sulfurcontaining groups are often introduced into the backbones of PIs to increase their refractive indices [39].…”

Section: Optical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of thioether-containing polyimides with high refractive indices

Huang

et al. 2012

J Polym Res

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Colorless and transparent polymers with high refractive indices and high temperature resistance have aroused great interest in the industrial community. Here, a series of polyimides (PIs) were prepared from a newly synthesized thioether-containing dianhydride, 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxy-phenylenesulfanyl)-benzene dianhydride, and various diamines by a two-step polycondensation reaction. Some flexible and tough films were obtained by casting solutions of them in poly(amic acid) (PAA). The tensile strengths and elongations at break of these PI films were greater than 58 MPa and 10%, respectively. All of them were thermally stable up to 500°C in both air and nitrogen. Their glass transition temperatures were in the range from 204.5 to 265.8°C. PI films with a thickness of 10-20 μm showed good optical transparency in the visible light region. Their cutoff wavelengths were lower than 400 nm and their transmittance was higher than 80% at 460 nm. The thioether linkages in the PIs endowed them with high average refractive indices (n AV ) of 1.68-1.74 and low birefringence values (Δn) of 0.0085-0.0120.

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Passivation issues in active pixel CMOS image sensors

Cited by 78 publications

References 7 publications

Highly refractive and organo‐soluble poly(amide imide)s based on 5,5′‐thiobis(2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐thiazole): Synthesis and characterization

Highly refractive and organo‐soluble poly(amide imide)s based on 5,5′‐thiobis(2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐thiazole): Synthesis and characterization

Photocurable Polymer Nanocomposites for Magnetic, Optical, and Biological Applications

Synthesis and characterization of thioether-containing polyimides with high refractive indices

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