A passively Q-switched 1.06 µm Nd:GdVO 4 laser with a [100]-cut Cr 4+ :YAG saturable absorber was demonstrated. The output characteristics were investigated when the anisotropic transmission of Cr 4+ :YAG crystal and the incident pump power level were considered. The experimental results showed that it was feasible to generate laser with narrower pulse width (τ p ), higher pulse energy and peak power when the polarization direction of laser was parallel to the [001], [010], [001], and [010] orientations of the Cr 4+ :YAG crystal. The different changes of τ p as a function of incident pump power was observed due to the anisotropy of transmission of Cr 4+ :YAG and the different gain levels (pump power levels). If the Cr 4+ :YAG was fully bleached as a result of high cavity gain or due to the laser polarization direction was parallel to the [001], [010], [001], and [010] orientations, τ p was constant, otherwise τ p decreased when the gain increased.