Pathobiochemistry of Ammonia in the Internal Environment of Fish (Review)

Smutná, Marie; Vorlová, L.; Svobodová, Zdeňka

doi:10.2754/avb200271020169

Cited by 61 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Effect of transportation on plasma TP concentration in common carp; groups with different superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05 (ANOVA) Figure 6. Effect of transportation on metamyelocyte count in common carp; groups with different superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05 (ANOVA) When the detoxification capabilities of fish are exceeded, ammonia accumulates in tissues and becomes toxic (Philip and Rajasree, 1996;Smutná et al, 2002). Our study revealed an increase in the ammonia level during transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Sci., 54, 2009 (11): 510-518 When the detoxification capabilities of fish are exceeded, ammonia accumulates in tissues and becomes toxic (Philip and Rajasree, 1996;Smutná et al, 2002). Our study revealed an increase in the ammonia level during transport.…”

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confidence: 57%

“…Smutná et al (2002) stated that exhaustive exercise (escape from predators, locomotion and migration, starvation) increased active energy demand in fish. Energy production (catabolism of glutamine and amino acids provides ATP molecules) through direct deamination of tissue energy sources (i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effect of transport on biochemical and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Dobšíková¹,

Svobodová²,

Blahová³

et al. 2009

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The effect of 12 h transport on the biochemical and haematological profiles of three-years-old common carp was investigated. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in ammonia, chloride, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase, and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in total proteins. The levels of glucose (P < 0.01), lactate (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.01) and calcium (P < 0.01) were also significantly changed, but no time-dependent relationships were found. Significant increases in haematocrit (P < 0.01) and metamyelocyte count (P < 0.05) were found. Mean corpuscular volume (P < 0.05) and counts of monocytes (P < 0.01), band neutrophils (P < 0.01) and segmented neutrophils (P < 0.05) were significantly changed independently of the transport duration. Since pre-transport manipulation and transport per se were found to be important stressors for three-years-old common carp, peri-transport disturbances should be minimized to ensure optimal fish welfare.Keywords: erythrocyte profile; common carp; Cyprinus carpio; leukocyte profile; plasma biochemical indices; stress response 511Czech J. Anim. Sci., 54, 2009 (11): 510-518 Original Paper of adrenalin and cortisol, followed by secondary changes in blood and tissues, such as hyperglycaemia, hyperlactaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, changes in blood plasma enzyme activities and ion concentrations, reduced glycogen content of muscle and liver, increased metabolic rate, and shifts in haematological profiles and immunological capacity (Stave and Robertson, 1985; Staurnes et al.1994).The acute primary physiological response of fish to netting, handling and transport returns to normal levels within 6-24 h. However, physiological recovery may take 10-14 days if the stressors persist and are not lethal (Schreck et al., 1997). Stress and physical activity during transport usually lead to the loss of product quality, such as reducing fish freshness, softening muscle texture, and lowering filet yield. Exposure to stress can have an impact on the economics of fish aquaculture (Nakayama et al., 1994).The aim of this study was to assess a transport stress response, i.e. the effect of pre-transport manipulation procedures and long-distance transport per se, to some biochemical and haematological indices of three-years-old common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L). Transport water quality was also monitored. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe experiment was carried out on common carp transported from storage ponds of the commercial fish farm in Hluboká nad Vltavou (Czech Republic) via Brno (Czech Republic) to a fish pond in Boheľov (Slovakia). Fish were transported in 2.2 m 3 transport tanks (AGK Kronawitter GmbH, Germany), at a density of 364 kg body weight per m 3 .Duration of transport was 12.5 h, comprising 7 h from Hluboká nad Vltavou to Brno and 5.5 h from Brno to Boheľov. Tanks were continuously oxygenated during transport. In Boheľov, the carp were released from the tanks through a hose into a fish pond. Throughout the experim...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

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confidence: 57%

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The effect of transport on biochemical and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Dobšíková¹,

Svobodová²,

Blahová³

et al. 2009

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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“…During exhaustive exercise (attack of prey, escape from predators, locomotion and migration processed, starvation), an increase of active energy demand occurs in fish (Smutná et al 2002). Direct deamination of important tissue energy sources, i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stress Response to Long Distance Transportation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

et al. 2006

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The stress responses and changes in biochemical and haematological indices were investigated in three-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during a long-distance transportation in special truck tanks. Twelve-hour transportation caused a significant increase in ammonia (p < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume MCV (p < 0.01), metamyelocytes ( p < 0.05) and band neutrophils (p < 0.01), and a significant decrease in Cl -(p < 0.05), lactate (p < 0.05), ALT (p < 0.05) and ALP (p < 0.01) levels. The values of LDH (p < 0.01), AST (p < 0.05), CK (p < 0.01) and haematocrit PCV (p < 0.05) were also significantly influenced by the transportation, but no time-dependent relation was found. On the contrary, the levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in the biochemical profile, and the values of erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leukocyte counts (WBC) and leukogram (except for metamyelocytes and band neutrophils) in the haematological profile were not significantly influenced by the transportation. Results showed that pre-transport fish manipulation (hauling, netting, handling, loading) was found to be an important stressor for fish. Long-distance transportation itself was relatively considerate for the common carp tested.

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“…The main product of protein metabolism of fish, i.e. ammonia (Lloyd 1992;Wood 1993;Smutná et al 2002) is removed from the tanks by nitrification (conversion to nitrites and subsequently to nitrates) by means of biofilters. Imbalances of the nitrification process, which might be due to a number of factors, will, however, often lead to an increase in the nitrite concentrations.…”

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Nitrite Poisoning of Fish in Aquaculture Facilities with Water-recirculating Systems

Svobodová¹,

Máchová²,

Poleszczuk³

et al. 2005

Acta Vet. Brno

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Three cases of severely compromised fish health and death in newly commissioned aquaculture facilities with water-recirculating systems are described. The cause of the damage and death was increased concentrations of water-borne nitrites and the subsequent methaemoglobinemia. The aim of the study was to better understand the aetiology of these cases of poisoning to help prevent them, and to examine effects of some water quality parameters on nitrite toxicity. The increased NO 2 -concentrations in water were caused by impaired functionality of biological filters in the second stage of nitrification, i.e. the conversion of NO 2 -to NO 3 -. Chloride concentrations in water were considered the main factor influencing NO 2 -toxicity in all of the cases described. In the case of death of catfish and tench, the Cl -to N-NO 2 -weight ratios were in the range of 13 -28 and 11 -19, respectively. In the case of tilapia health impairment without symptoms of toxicity, the ratios were between 50 and 150. In the water tank inflow, the Cl -to N-NO 2 -weight ratios were between 2000 and 10000. Blood methaemoglobin levels of catfish and tench (severe symptoms of poisoning) and of tilapia (no signs of impairment, only brownish discolouration of gills) were over 80% and 21%, respectively). In order to minimize risks in culture of fish in water-recirculating systems, it is necessary to choose a proper stock of fish and a proper feeding ratio, not to treat the fish with antibiotics in the form of baths, to check meticulously the quality of water. In case of increasing concentration of nitrites, to administer sodium chloride to get the chloride concentration increased at least to 100 mg·l -1 Cl -. Better operation of a biological filter can be speeded up by inoculation with activated sludge.

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Pathobiochemistry of Ammonia in the Internal Environment of Fish (Review)

Cited by 61 publications

References 28 publications

The effect of transport on biochemical and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The effect of transport on biochemical and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Stress Response to Long Distance Transportation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Nitrite Poisoning of Fish in Aquaculture Facilities with Water-recirculating Systems

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