Pathobiology of Mycoplasma suis

Haemoplasmas in wild rodents: Routes of transmission and infection dynamics

“…Third, the short infection peak is followed by a low and stable load of asymptomatic MHLB infection in which only a few tens of copy numbers per 1 μl of blood persist. This low and persistent MHLB infection dynamics is similar to several other haemoplasmas of domestic animals (Groebel, Hoelzle, Wittenbrink, Ziegler, & Hoelzle, ; Hoelzle et al., ; Museux et al., ; Tasker et al., ), as well as to other parasites/pathogens ( Bartonella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Plasmodium spp., Brucella spp., Helicobacter pylori , Burkholderia pseudomallei , Coxiella burnetii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi; Chomel et al., ; Cory, ; Merrell & Falkow, ; Monack, Mueller, & Falkow, ; Okamura, ; Rhen, Eriksson, Clements, Bergstrom, & Normark, ). Such an infection dynamics may be the result of the parasites/pathogens’ strategy to evade the immune response, compensating for their low loads with their low level of damage to their mammalian host, which reduces their mortality probability (the transmission–virulence trade‐off; Anderson & May, ; Ewald, ; Sorrell et al., ).…”

“…. Revealing the mechanisms of these bacteria's transmission and persistence will shed light on the evolutionary strategies underlying host-parasite/pathogen coexistence and will have an applied aspect considering that some of these bacteria are pathogenic to wild animals and humans (Atif, 2015;Breitschwerdt & Kordick, 2000;Eisen & Eisen, 2011;Hoelzle, Zeder, Felder, & Hoelzle, 2014;Liang, Nelson, & Fikrig, 2002;Messick, 2004;Ogden et al, 2015).…”

“…However, recent evidence points to more permanent blood bacterial residents such as Bartonella and haemoplasma (haemotropic Mycoplasma ) species, which may use red blood cells as their primary microhabitat (Cohen, Einav, & Hawlena, ; Cohen, Toh, Munro, Dong, & Hawlena, ; Gavish et al., ; Gutiérrez, Morick, Cohen, Hawlena, & Harrus, ; Gutiérrez, Nachum‐Biala, & Harrus, ). Revealing the mechanisms of these bacteria's transmission and persistence will shed light on the evolutionary strategies underlying host–parasite/pathogen coexistence and will have an applied aspect considering that some of these bacteria are pathogenic to wild animals and humans (Atif, ; Breitschwerdt & Kordick, ; Eisen & Eisen, ; Hoelzle, Zeder, Felder, & Hoelzle, ; Liang, Nelson, & Fikrig, ; Messick, ; Ogden et al., ).…”

Updating the proteome of the uncultivable hemotrophicMycoplasma suisin experimentally infected pigs

“…Mycoplasma suis belongs to the group of hemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) that are characterized by a unique cell tropism for red blood cells (RBCs) and a very close connection between the pathogen and host cell. Recently, additional pathogenesis mechanisms have been reported for M. suis including intracellular RBC parasitism, endothelial targeting, and triggering suicidal death of RBCs . Despite of several attempts in vitro culture of M. suis has not been achieved yet .…”

“…cluding intracellular RBC parasitism, endothelial targeting, and triggering suicidal death of RBCs [1][2][3]. Despite of several attempts in vitro culture of M. suis has not been achieved yet [4].…”