Pathogenesis of Hypervirulent Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4: The Contributions of Viral and Host Factors

Wang, Zeng; Zhao, Jingpeng

doi:10.3390/v11080741

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…No gross lesions in the trachea, lungs, and air sacs were found. The pale and enlarged liver and pericardial effusion found in 1 bird were very similar to the lesions caused by HHS as described elsewhere ( Shah et al., 2017 ; Wang and Zhao, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus in layer chickens

et al. 2020

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The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus ( FAdV ) in an infectious coryza–like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is reported. The primary signs of the infection were acute respiratory signs, a drop in egg production, and the presence of hydropericardium–hepatitis syndrome–like gross lesions. Laboratory examination confirmed the presence of A. paragallinarum by bacterial isolation and a species-specific PCR test. In addition, conventional serotyping identified the isolates as Page serovar A. Fowl adenovirus was isolated from chicken liver specimen and identified by hexon gene amplification. In addition, histopathologic analysis and transmission electron microscopy examination further confirmed the presence of the virus. Both hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis defined the viral isolate as FAdV-4. The pathogenic role of A. paragallinarum and FAdV was evaluated by experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens. The challenge trial showed that combined A. paragallinarum and FAdV infection resulted in more severe clinical signs than that by FAdV infection alone. The concurrent infection caused 50% mortality compared with 40% mortality by FAdV infection alone and zero mortality by A. paragallinarum infection alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. paragallinarum coinfection with FAdV. The case implies that concurrent infections with these 2 agents do occur and more attention should be given to the potential of multiple agents during disease diagnosis and treatment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus in layer chickens

et al. 2020

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“…A lot of research works show that a novel type of FAdV-4 is the cause of this long-term infection, which contains various genomic deletions and multiple distinct amino-acid mutations in their major structural genes, such as fiber-2 and hexon ( Liu et al., 2016 ; Jiang et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, mutations in these 2 genes were identified as closely related with the increased pathogenicity ( Zhang et al., 2018 ), leading to a 20 to 80% mortality rate ( Ren et al., 2019 ; Wang and Zhao, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Note: Molecular relationship of the fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolated from the contaminated live vaccine and wild strains isolated in China, 2013-2018

Hou

Gao

et al. 2020

Poultry Science

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Since June 2013, hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome caused by putative novel fowl adenovirus 4 ( FAdV-4 ) infection has spread all over China, leading to great economic losses. Previous study found that the use of attenuated vaccines contaminated with FAdV-4 is likely to be an important cause of such large-scale transmission. Here, we sequenced the whole genome of this strain through the next-generation sequencing and carried out a retrospective analysis of the FAdV-4 strains that have been determined in China recently. Results show the vaccine strain was almost 100% identical with wild virus strains, especially with 4 strains considering the difference of the GA repeat region, further linking the relationship between vaccine contamination and FAdV-4 prevalence in China. Meanwhile, there is no time and regional preference for the emergence of FAdV-4 strains with different molecular characteristics in China, which indicates that there may be multiple routes of transmission of this virus, suggesting that we still need to pay more attention to and formulate correct prevention and control in the future.

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“…FAdVs are currently divided into 5 species (A–E) and 12 serotypes (1–7, 8a, 8b, 9–11) ( 1 , 2 ). FAdV-4 usually infects 3–6 weeks old broilers showing a mortality rate of up to 80%, and causes accumulation of transparent or straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac and hepatitis ( 3 – 5 ). Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is one of the typical gross pathological changes in FAdV-4 infected chickens, which has been widely reported in several countries and regions such as Middle East ( 6 ), Germany ( 7 ), Korea ( 8 ), Malaysia ( 9 ), and Japan, India and Pakistan ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Immunization of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecalis Expressing Dendritic Cell Targeting Peptide and Hexon Protein of Fowl Adenovirus 4 Induces Protective Immunity Against Homologous Infection

Jia

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) causes severe economic losses in the global poultry industry. The present study aims to explore oral immunization of recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecalis expressing Hexon protein of fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4). The bacteria L. lactis NZ9000 and E. faecalis MDXEF-1 were, respectively, modified as host strain to deliver truncated Hexon protein (ΔHexon) or ΔHexon protein fusing with dendritic cell (DC) targeting peptide (DC-ΔHexon) on the surface of bacteria. The expression of target protein in L. lactis NZ9000 and E. faecalis MDXEF-1 were detected by western blot. To evaluate the immune responses and protective efficacies provided by the live recombinant bacteria, chickens were immunized with the constructed ΔHexon-expressing bacteria three times at 2-week intervals, then experimentally challenged with hypervirulent FAdV-4/GX01. The results showed that oral immunizations with the four ΔHexon-expressing bacteria (NZ9000/ΔHexon-CWA, NZ9000/DC-ΔHexon-CWA, MDXEF-1/ΔHexon-CWA, and MDXEF-1/DC-ΔHexon-CWA), especially the two bacteria carrying DC-targeting peptide, stimulated higher levels of ΔHexon-specific sera IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA) in jejunal lavage fluid, higher proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and higher levels of Th1/Th2-type cytokines, along with significantly decreased virus loads in liver and more offered protective efficacies against FAdV infection compared with PBS and empty vector control groups (p < 0.01). For chickens in the group MDXEF-1/DC-ΔHexon-CWA, the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sera, and the virus loads in livers were significantly decreased vs. the other three ΔHexon-expressing bacteria (p < 0.01). The pathological changes in the hearts, livers, spleens and kidneys of chickens in MDXEF-1/DC-ΔHexon-CWA group were relatively slight compared to infection control group and other three ΔHexon-expressing bacteria groups. The rate of protection in MDXEF-1/DC-ΔHexon-CWA group was 90%. The present work demonstrated that cell surface-displayed target protein and immune enhancers in L. lactis and E. faecalis might be a promising approach to enhance immunity and immune efficacy against pathogen FAdV-4 infection.

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Pathogenesis of Hypervirulent Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4: The Contributions of Viral and Host Factors

Cited by 41 publications

References 78 publications

Concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus in layer chickens

Concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus in layer chickens

Research Note: Molecular relationship of the fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolated from the contaminated live vaccine and wild strains isolated in China, 2013-2018

Oral Immunization of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecalis Expressing Dendritic Cell Targeting Peptide and Hexon Protein of Fowl Adenovirus 4 Induces Protective Immunity Against Homologous Infection

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